ISO 9000 International Standard

ISO 9000IntroductionISOISO ( International Organization for Standardization ) is the universe ‘s largest developer and publishing house of International Standards. ISO is a web of the national criterions institutes of 159 states, one member per state, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a non-governmental organisation that forms a span between the public and private sectors. On the one manus, many of its member institutes are portion of the governmental construction of their states, or are mandated by their authorities. On the other manus, other members have their roots unambiguously in the private sector, holding been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the demands of concern and the broader demands of societyISO ‘s beginningsIn 1946, delegates from 25 states met in London and decided to make a new international organisation, of which the object would be â€Å" to ease the international coordination and fusion of industrial criterions † . The new organisation, ISO, officially began operations on 23 February 1947, in Geneva, Switzerland.ISO ‘s nameBecause â€Å" International Organization for Standardization † would hold different acronyms in different linguistic communications ( â€Å" IOS † in English, â€Å" OIN † in French for Organisation Internationale de standardization ) , its laminitiss decided to give it besides a short, general-purpose name. They chose â€Å" ISO † , derived from the Greek isos, intending â€Å" equal † . Whatever the state, whatever the linguistic communication, the short sign ifier of the organisation ‘s name is ever ISO.What â€Å" international standardisation † agenciesWhen the big bulk of merchandises or services in a peculiar concern or industry sector conform to International Standards, a province of industry-wide standardisation exists. The economic stakeholders concerned agree on specifications and standards to be applied systematically in the categorization of stuffs, in the industry and supply of merchandises, in proving and analysis, in nomenclature and in the proviso of services. In this manner, International Standards supply a mention model, or a common technological linguistic communication, between providers and their clients. This facilitates trade and the transportation of engineering.The ISO trade name? DemocraticEvery full member of ISO has the right to take portion in the development of any criterion which it Judgess to be of import to its state ‘s economic system. No affair what the size or strength of that economi c system, each take parting member in ISO has one ballot. Each state is on an equal terms to act upon the way of ISO ‘s work at the strategic degree, every bit good as the proficient content of its single criterions.? VoluntaryISO criterions are voluntary. As a non-governmental organisation, ISO has no legal authorization to implement the execution of its criterions. ISO does non modulate or pass. However, states may make up one's mind to follow ISO criterions – chiefly those concerned with wellness, safety or the environment – as ordinances or mention to them in statute law, for which they provide the proficient footing. In add-on, although ISO criterions are voluntary, they may go a market demand, as has happened in the instance of ISO 9001 quality direction systems, or of dimensions of cargo containers and bank cards. ISO itself does non modulate or pass.? Market-drivenISO merely develops criterions for which there is a market demand. The work is chiefly carried out by experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize.? ConsensusISO criterions are based on international consensus among the experts in the field. Consensus, like engineering, evolves and ISO takes account both of germinating engineering and of germinating involvements by necessitating a periodic reappraisal of its criterions at least every five old ages to make up one's mind whether they should be maintained, updated or withdrawn. In this manner, ISO criterions retain their place as the province of the art.? Globally relevantISO criterions are proficient understandings which provide the model for compatible engineering worldwide. They are designed to be globally relevant – utile everyplace in the universe. ISO criterions are utile everyplace in the universe.How ISO decides to develop a criterionISO launches the development of new criterions in response to the sectors that express a clearly established demand for them. An industry or concern sector communicates its demand for a criterion to one of ISO ‘s national members. The latter so proposes the new work point to ISO as a whole. If accepted, the work point is assigned to an bing proficient commission. Proposals may besides be made to put up proficient commissions to cover new Scopess of activity. At the terminal of 2006, there were 3 041 proficient organic structures in the ISO system, including 193 ISO proficient commissions. The focal point of the proficient commissions is specialised and specific. In add-on, ISO has three general policy development commissions that provide strategic counsel for the criterions ‘ development work on cross-sector facets. These commissions guarantee that the specific proficient work is aligned with broader market and stakeholder groupWho develops ISO criterionsISO criterions are developed by proficient commissions consisting experts from the industrial, proficient and concern sectors which have asked for the criterions, and which later put them to utilize. These experts may be joined by representatives of authorities bureaus, proving research labs, consumer associations, non-governmental organisations and academic circles. The experts participate as national deputations, chosen by the ISO national member institute for the state concerned. These deputations are required to stand for non merely the positions of the organisations in which their participating experts work, but of other stakeholders excessively. Harmonizing to ISO regulations, the member institute is expected to take history of the positions of the scope of parties interested in the criterion under development. This enables them to show a amalgamate, national consensus place to the proficient commission.How ISO criterions are developedThe national deputations of experts of a proficient commission meet to discourse, argument and argue until they reach consensus on a bill of exchange understanding. This is circulated as a Draft International Standard ( DIS ) to ISO ‘s rank as a whole for remark and vote. Many members have public reappraisal processs for doing draft criterions known and available to interested parties and to the general populace. The ISO members so take history of any feedback they receive in explicating their place on the bill of exchange criterion. If the vote is in favor, the papers, with eventual alterations, is circulated to the ISO members as a Final Draft International Standard ( FDIS ) . If that ballot is positive, the papers is so published as an International Standard. Every working twenty-four hours of the twelvemonth, an norm of eight ISO meetings is taking topographic point someplace in the universe. In between meetings, the experts continue the criterions ‘ development work by correspondence. Increasingly, their contacts are made by electronic agencies, some ISO proficient organic structures have already gone over wholly to working electronically, which speeds up the development of criterions, and cuts travel costs.ISO criterions: make the development, fabrication and supply of merchandises and services more efficient, safer and cleaner facilitate trade between states and do it fairer provide authoritiess with a proficient base for wellness, safety and environmental statute law, and conformance appraisal portion technological progresss and good direction pattern disseminate invention safeguard consumers, and users in general, of merchandises and services make life simpler by supplying solutions to common jobsHow the ISO system is financedISO ‘s national members pay subscriptions that meet the operational cost of ISO ‘s Central Secretariat. The subscription paid by each member is in proportion to the state ‘s Gross National Income and trade figures. Another beginning of gross is the sale of criterions. However, the operations of ISO Central Secretariat represent merely about one fifth of the cost of the system ‘s operation. The chief costs are borne by the member organic structures that manage the specific criterions development undertakings and the concern organisations that provide experts to take part in the proficient work. These organisations are, in consequence, subsidising the proficient work by paying the travel costs of the experts and leting them clip to work on their ISO assignments.The range of ISO ‘s workISO has more than 17500 International Standards and other types of normative paperss in its current portfolio. ISO ‘s work programme ranges from criterions for traditional activities, such as agribusiness and building, through mechanical technology, fabrication and distribution, to transport, medical devices, information and communicating engineerings, and to criterions for good direction pattern and for services.Who can fall in ISOMembership of ISO i s unfastened to national criterions institutes most representative of standardisation in their state ( one member in each state ) . †¢ Full members, known as member organic structures, each have one ballot, whatever the size or strength of the economic system of the state concerned. †¢ Correspondent members pay reduced rank fees. They are entitled to take part in any policy or proficient organic structure as perceivers, with no vote rights. †¢ Subscriber members besides pay reduced rank fees. They are institutes from states with really little economic systems that however wish to keep contact with international standardisation. †¢ Although persons or endeavors are non eligible for rank, both have a scope of chances for taking portion in ISO ‘s work: †¢ Persons may be selected by national member institutes to function as experts on national deputations take parting in ISO proficient commissions †¢ Persons and endeavors may supply their input during the procedure of developing a national consensus for presentation by the deputation. This may done through national mirror commissions to the corresponding ISO proficient commission †¢ International organisations and associations, both non-governmental and stand foring industry sectors, can use for affair position to a proficient commission. They do non vote, but can take part in the arguments and the development of consensus.Standards benefitISO criterions supply technological, economic and social benefits. For concerns, the widespread acceptance of International Standards means that providers can develop and offer merchandises and services meeting specifications that have broad international credence in their sectors. Therefore, concerns utilizing International Standards can vie on many more markets around the universe. For pioneers of new engineerings, International Standards on facets like nomenclature, compatibility and safety velocity up the airing of inventions and their development into manufacturable and marketable merchandises. For clients, the world-wide compatibility of engineering which is achieved when merchandises and services are based on International Standards gives them a wide pick of offers. They besides benefit from the effects of competition among providers. For authoritiess, International Standards supply the technological and scientific bases underpinning wellness, safety and environmental statute law. For trade functionaries, International Standards make â€Å" a flat playing field † for all rivals on those markets. The being of divergent national or regional criterions can make proficient barriers to merchandise. International Standards are the proficient agencies by which political trade understandings can be put into pattern. For developing states, International Standards that represent an international consensus on the province of the art are an of import beginning of technological know-how. By specifying the features that merchandises and services will be expected to run into on export markets, International Standards give developing states a footing for doing the right determinations when puting their scarce resources and therefore avoid wasting them. For consumers, conformance of merchandises and services to International Standards provides confidence about their quality, safety and dependability. For everyone, International Standards contribute to the quality of life in general by guaranting that the conveyance, machinery and tools we use are safe. For the planet we inhabit, International Standards on air, H2O and dirt quality, on emanations of gases and radiation and environmental facets of merchandises can lend to attempts to continue the environment.ISO 9000In 1987, the international Standard Organization ( ISO ) published its first criterion on ‘Quality system ‘ ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9002. At the same, clip the European version of choice criterion EN 2900i, EN 29002. Furthermore, EN 29003 were published and British criterion BS 5750 ( portion 1, 2, 3 ) were updated and aligned with their tantamount foreign opposite number. All three criterions are indistinguishable. They were basically fabricating criterion are shortly came to be applied to services every bit good as possible misunderstandings of merchandises, but the 1994 criterion has resolved some of those troubles by redefining the merchandises.The construction of the ISO 9000 criterion: The household of ISO 9000 criterions has been developed by ISO and it is made up of four nucleus criterions:a ) ISO 9000:2000 – Fundamentalss and Vocabulary B ) ISO 9001:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Requirements degree Celsius ) ISO 9004:2000 – Quality Management Systems – Guidelines for public presentation betterments vitamin D ) ISO 9011: 2002 – Guidelines for quality and/or environmental direction systems scrutinizing The ISO 9000 series of Standard consist of two wide classs of criterions and auxiliary counsel criterions Core criterion: are standard in meant for internal usage by organisation and provides counsel in planing and implementing a quality system so that they can run into their market demands and accomplish overall success.Component of ISO 9000:1. Management Responsibility. Management sets the company quality policy and implements it by supplying resources, forces and preparation. 2. Quality System. A Quality System comprised of a Quality Manual and back uping processs is created and maintained. 3. Contract Review. Contracts reflect the clients ‘ demands and outlooks. Products and services provided must follow with those demands. 4. Design Control. Engineering drawings and design alterations are carefully documented to guarantee that alterations have been to the full coordinated and approved internally, and when appropriate, by the client. 5. Document Control. The creative activity and alteration of paperss back uping the Quality System is purely controlled by ISO 9001 processs. 6. Buying. Buying processs describe supplier demands and the system for guaranting conformity to these criterions. 7. Handling of Purchaser Supplied Product. Procedures detail methods of managing and guardianship of merchandise supplied by the client. 8. Merchandise Identification and Traceability. Methods of tracking day of the month and batch codifications of merchandise and natural stuffs from start to complete warrant traceability. 9. Procedure Control. Work instructions, quality programs and craft criterions verify that each occupation is being done right. 10. Inspection and Testing. Inspection and proving at having, in-process and concluding review countries ensures quality. Test and review records are preserved as portion of the quality system. 11. Inspection, Measuring and Test Equipment. Instruments and measurement tools are calibrated on a regular basis and records maintained. 12. Inspection and Test Status. Merely inspected stuffs may be used or processed farther. Inspected merchandise is ever identified. 13. Control of Nonconforming Product. Materials or merchandises that fail to run into specifications are rejected and separated from normal production. Merely the proper governments may make up one's mind if rejected stuff will be used as is, reworked or returned to the provider. 14. Corrective Action. The disciplinary action system focuses on placing the root cause of quality concerns and any disciplinary action required. 15. Handling, Storage, Packaging and Delivery. Procedures outline patterns that protect merchandises from harm during fabrication and transportation. 16. Quality Records. Quality records provide an audit trail for internal and external hearers. 17. Internal Quality Audits. Specially trained squads verify that the Quality System is working by measuring the same 20 elements required by the external hearers, on an ongoing footing. 18. Training. Training records are maintained for every employee demoing their degrees of expertness. 19. Servicing. Where service is specified in the contract, processs are established to verify that serving meets the indicated demands. 20. Statistical Techniques. Control charts, graphs and other methods of analysis determine how good a procedure is working and facilitate uninterrupted betterment.Stairss in ISO 9000 enrollment1. select the appropriate criterion from ISO 90001, 9002, 9003 utilizing guidelines in 9000 2. prepare quality manual to cover all component of selected theoretical account 3. Develop proper process and store floor direction which may be necessary for the execution of the quality system. 4. behavior ego audit to look into conformity of selected theoretical account 5. select the registry and use for enfranchisement and enrollmentQuality certificationFirst grade: quality manualManual may be organized harmonizing to ISO criterion it is general in nature and centrist in length which summarizes the whole quality system in one papers. it is written in policy degree and acts as an overview in quality system. It defines the policies, aims, organisation constructions and general quality patterns of the company.Second grade: processEach process consists of the aim of the aim and description of the activity. the process describes what is to be done and by whom. And how, when, why and where the activity is to be carried out. At the process flat measure by measure direction for executing activities are non included.Third grade: directionIt consists of measure by measure direction that must be followed in order to acquire the peculiar occupation done. These direct the worker in a individual activity and subsidiary papers to procedure. Such direction may be needed for specific undertakings procedures, operation, Trials and review etc.Forth grade: signifiers and recordsIt includes files, specification, codification of patterns, checklists, proficient and legal papers and other signifier to recode informations. All certification of record which demonstrates conformity of quality system demand comes under this grade.Quality confidence theoretical accounts of ISO 90001. ISO 9001 theoretical account for quality confidence in design, development, production, installing and service. When conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the assorted phases. It consist of 20 elements 2. ISO 9002 theoretical account for quality and confidence in production, installing and service. It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider during the production and installing it consist of 18 elements. 3. ISO 9003 theoretical account for quality confidence in concluding review and trial. . It is used when conformity to specified demand is to be assured by provider entirely at concluding review and trial it consist of 12 elements. Advantages of ISO 9000 o entree to universe market o competitory advantage o confident of client o image of company O higher productiveness o client satisfaction o human resource development o occupation satisfaction and work engagement and high lesson The impact of just-in-time execution and ISO 9000 enfranchisement on entire quality direction In this paper, we examine the impact of just-in-time ( JIT ) execution and International Standards Organization ( ISO ) 9000 enfranchisement ( as specified by the original criterions of the early 1990s ) on quality direction attempts of fabrication houses. Reacting houses in the survey were grouped into four classs based on their ISO 9000 and JIT orientation: 1 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified but have non implemented JIT ( ISO houses ) ; 2 ) houses that are ISO 9000 certified and have implemented JIT ( ISO-JIT houses ) ; 3 ) houses that have implemented JIT but are non ISO 9000 certified ( JIT houses ) ; and 4 ) houses that have non implemented JIT and are non ISO 9000 certified ( traditional houses ) . These groups were compared along 13 plant-level entire quality direction ( TQM ) execution elements and five TQM result steps utilizing MANCOVA process. Analysiss resulted in distinguishable sets of houses reflecting the impact of the ISO-JIT orientation on its TQM execution and TQM results. Result support the eventuality position that a house ‘s ability to implement effectual TQM patterns is enhanced: 1 ) marginally by ISO 9000 attempts ; 2 ) significantly by JIT execution ; and 3 ) most by conjoined ISO-JIT attempts ( though non much more significantly than JIT execution entirely ) . These penetrations have important practical deductions for houses puting in JIT execution, ISO 9000 enfranchisement, and TQM execution. Interestingly, our survey conducted in mid-1990s and its empirical findings lend a strong support for the recent transmutation of the original ISO 9000 demands into the current ISO 9001:2000 model.Quality vs. CertificationA common unfavorable judgment of ISO 9001 is the sum of money, clip and paperwork required for enrollment. Many claim that it is merely for certification. Advocates believe that if a company has documented its quality systems, so most of the paperwork has already been completed.† Many believe that, ISO 9001 promotes specification, control, and procedures instead than understanding and betterment. Few argue that ISO 9000 is effectual as a guideline, but that advancing it as a standard â€Å" helps to misdirect companies into believing that enfranchisement means better quality, [ sabotaging ] the demand for an organisation to put its ain quality criterions. † Paraphrased, Wade ‘s statement is that trust on the specifications of ISO 9001 does non vouch a successful quality system. The criterion is seen as particularly prone to failure when a company is interested in enfranchisement before quality. Certifications are in fact frequently based on client contractual demands instead than a desire to really better quality. â€Å" If you merely want the certification on the wall, opportunities are, you will make a paper system that does n't hold much to make with the manner you really run your concern, † said ISO ‘s Roger Frost. Certification by an independent hearer is frequently seen as the job country, and harmonizing to Barnes, â€Å" has become a vehicle to increase consulting services. † In fact, ISO itself advises that ISO 9001 can be implemented without enfranchisement, merely for the quality benefits that can be achieved. Another job reported is the competition among the legion certifying organic structures, taking to a softer attack to the defects noticed in the operation of the Quality System of a house. Abrahamson argued that stylish direction discourse such as Quality Circles tends to follow a lifecycle in the signifier of a bell curve, perchance bespeaking a direction craze.REFRENCES1. www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue.htm 2. www.bis.org.in/cert/faqmscd.htm 3. www.bsi-emea.com/quality/overview/whatisiso9000.xalter 4. www.iso9000conference.com/

Limited Government Essay

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Wall Street Journal Section Review - Research Paper Example A subheading on Columns present news articles written by WSJ columnists such as Brett Arends, Karen Blumenthal, Kelly Greene, Laura Saunders, and Jason Zweig, to name just a few. Other relevant and captivating sections appear as subtopics ranging from Real Estate, Autos, Fitness & Health, and Careers. Finally, at the bottom portion are Offers that promote products and services at discounts and good bargains for interested customers. There is a portion for sponsored links and all the comprehensive information on WSJ in a separate highlighted portion to include data such as WSJ.com Account, About, WSJ.com, Tools & Formats, Create an Account, and Help & Information Center. The right side column gives additional details regarding WSJ Digital Network with Foreign Language Editions. Appendix A: Specific Observations Personal Finance Observation 1: Ensign, Rachel Louise. 15 May 2011. â€Å"Maybe We'll Charge an Extra Fee to Read This.† Wall Street Journal, Top Stories in Personal Fin ance: Money.

Group leadership project reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Group leadership project reflection - Essay Example Then the similarities and differences between them will be illustrated, with special highlight on the importance of each towards the success of a team. The influence of a leader on a follower and what a follower expects from a leader will also be discussed. Furthermore, the factors which make a good leader will be dissected and then the problems leaders or followers might face in certain situations. What makes a leader efficient and how does he achieve these goals? What makes a follower efficient and what makes it easy for him to be so? Focus will be placed upon these questions as on how this efficiency is developed in each. Leadership and its many styles and forms will also be discussed and the effect of these varying styles upon a follower and his efficiency. This will all be done so collectively and in general but by focusing on the theme of each week, i.e. leadership in women, the power and importance of charismatic leadership, leadership challenges and failures, leadership trust and ethics, leading high technology organizations and global leadership and influence, and adapting on what has been learnt from each week. What is a leader and what is a follower? There can be a great number of definitions for both a leader and a follower. The simplest of course is that a leader is someone that instructs and follower is someone that follows these instructions. But it isn’t quite as simple as that because a soldier who follows the instructions of a general cannot strictly be considered a follower and a teacher who instructs a student on his homework cannot strictly be considered a leader. What then is the precise definition of each? According to Brosnahan (1998, stated in Lau 2000, pg 212) the definition of a leader and leadership vary from people to people but he goes on to define a leader broadly as, ‘†¦ a somewhat paternal figure, autocratic, wise and knowing, able to make hard decisions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Gary Yukl (2006) defines leadership as â⠂¬Å"the course of having an influence on others to comprehend and be in agreement about what requires to be done and how it should be done, and the progression of facilitating individual and collective efforts to achieve shared objectives† (p. 8). Yet others define leadership as â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.† Peter Northouse (2007). What does this actually signify? It implies that there is far more to a leader than just giving out instructions. A leader is someone who does not just give out instructions but rather someone directs and guides a specific group of people towards doing something and someone who unites the aims and intentions of that group such that they reach their own personal goals as well as the specific common goal. What then is a follower or followership? The former is a term very commonly used and given little thought. The latter is a term rarely heard and not fully understood. This is because ‘follower’ is a devalued term, where most people consider it as blindly following instructions. In truth, there can be no leader without a follower and good followership is what drives a team towards its ultimate goal. Once a far neglected area of research, research is now being conducted into the role and importance of a follower and followership skills are being developed just as leadership skill would be. Followership can be defined as ‘†¦ the ability to effectively follow the directives and support the efforts of a leader to

Comparison of Arguments in their Effectiveness Essay

Comparison of Arguments in their Effectiveness - Essay Example Men often seek uncomplicated solutions to problems as well as useful advice while women often try to institute intimacy by making a discussion of problems and getting concerned in order to strengthen connections. According to Macaulay and Rafelman, the styles of speech that men and women use to converse have been depicted as "debate vs. relate", "report vs. rapport, or "competitive vs. cooperative". In fact, Rafelman shows that men and women view the world very differently and this is because of not only their gender and physical characteristics, but also because of the way that they are raised. For a long time, it has been known that the two sexes think and make decisions differently and this is the reason why they are good at the diverse roles that they undertake, and this includes matters concerning language. What a man is good at doing and the way he does it is not the exact way that a woman would do it. There has been a lot of debate concerning this matter, with some, such as Ma caulay, believing that to believe that women see the world differently from men is being sexist. Rafelman on the other hand, believes otherwise, and they attribute these differences in attitude to the fact that men and women were created differently and these differences were meant to serve specific purposes. The fact that there are differences between the characteristics of men and women is an indication of the way in which they communicate with others within the society. Men and women have extremely different ways of dealing with speech especially in stressful situations and these show just how dissimilar their worldview is. Despite the fact that the circumstances leading to a stressful situation may be similar between the two sexes, the way the respond to it is often quite different and this is often manifested in the way that they communicate. For example, men tend to become moody and brood over the situations, and more often than not, they end up picking up fights with the peop le in their lives. Furthermore, men are more likely to prefer remaining alone until such a time as they feel better before needing any company. This is not the case with women who, when dealing with stressful situations, often seek the company of their friends and family with whom to converse so that they can help them deal with the situation. Therefore, it can be said that while men are often aggressive in their speech when in a stressful situation, preferring to be alone, women on the other hand prefer to deal with the situation with the help of the people they love. Men and women view the world differently through the use of new technology in the daily activities; one of the findings is that men use the internet more often on a daily basis as compared to the women. In reality, men prefer doing practical things like paying bills online instead of physically doing the payments. On the contrary, women will prefer handling bills physically, and when searching for something online, th ey are likely to view broad range of sources of information. Instead of searching information online using a variety of search engines, they would do the searching using the sources they trust would give them what they are looking for, these are often limited in number which is attributed to the fact that women have a less probability of trusting as compared to men when it comes to practical issues. Men would use the internet tools frequently for various

Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Blood Brothers Essay My initial example is where Eddie is advising Mickey what to say when he asks Linda out. Eddie: Linda my loins are burning for you. Let me lay my weary head on your warm breast; Linda, I love you, I want you, the very centre of my being calls out for you! Eddies environment has obviously affected the way that he could just think of something to say which is very romantic. You could not imagine Mickey saying such things. Eddie is more confident and knows how to use his vocabulary well in order to get people to do things. When Mickey tries to, his outcome is abysmal. Mickey: Erm er, well the thing is the centre of my being cries out for erm, my knees, loins are (snaps) Linda for Christs sake will you go out with me? Linda agrees. Mickey cannot find the right words to say even if he is told what to say. Mickeys vocabulary is retarded because of his environment. His school is worse than Eddies so he tries to copy Eddie but still cannot do that. I put this under humour because I thought it was quite funny but it could also go under language as both of the boys language has been affected by their environment. My next example is when the policewoman asks Eddie what he is doing. Eddie replies Adolf Hitler. Then the policewoman asks him what his name is and he says that he is waiting for the 92 bus. For one moment I think Eddie wanted to be like Mickey and tried to be cheeky to the police officer but because of his family and environment he was unable to do that and it ended up the wrong way around. This example is like my original but the other way around. Now, I am going to discuss the way that Russell uses plot to stress the point that family and environment have an effect on peoples lives and opportunities. The whole of the story is based around two males who are separated at birth. One of the twins had been told that there was a twin brother and that he died at birth, the other had been told that he was an only child. Now they are isolated from each other their lives begin to change because of their background and environment. My first example is when Mickey and Linda are married and are looking for a house from the council. They had been waiting for approximately five years for a new house and still had not got one! When Linda was passing the Council Offices she stepped into the housing officers office and asked to speak to him. When he arrived Linda was surprised as the man was Eddie. She pleaded once again for a house to live in, and because of Eddies environment he said that all he needed to do was to make one phone call. Then Mickey and Linda would be at the top of the list and could have a house very soon. Because of Mickey and Lindas environment, they were forced to go to the council for a cheap or free house and considering Eddies status he could do this extremely quickly. My second example for plot is where Linda turns out just like Mrs Johnson, (Mickeys mum. ) In Educating Rita, another of Russells work, Rita was expected to have a baby as soon as they got married. This is just like Linda with Mickey. In their family and environment they are expected to have a baby young and to traditionally stay around the house. This reduces their opportunities in life as they do not work once they have had a baby. The man of the house, in their environment, is foreseen to do all of the work and bring all of the money in. This is exactly what happens in this story. Now, I have completed plot, I will go on to analyse the staging devises Willy Russell uses to show the effect that family and environment have on the two boys lives. There was a recent performance at a local theatre, which I went to see. I found that by going to see the acted story I found how even the way you dress, your family and your environment were involved in some way. My leading example through set is costume. I noticed Mickey was wearing clothes too big for him which have most likely been passed down through the family. Eddie is the complete opposite to Mickey in the way that he is wearing smart, new school clothes and looks very sharp in his uniform. Russell shows how even clothes have an effect on family and environment. At the play it showed the brothers in completely different houses. One at the rough end of the village and the other at the very high end of social environment. They live in different ways and houses because of their environment. Their family either reduces the opportunity to live in a high class house or improves the opportunity. There are certain changes in the acted story, the first being where Mickey helped his brother complete a crime which went wrong. People in Mickeys environment often resort to this as they need the money, but people in Eddies environment would never be constrained to doing this sort of thing as they always have money. When Mickey went to jail he had to be put on anti-depressants to help him cope with the stress and loneliness of prison. This was the final straw for Mickey because all of his life he had been pushed to the limit craving for food and money, lots of things also go wrong in Mickeys environment. When he finally reached confinement he felted that was enough. If Eddie had been placed in jail he would probably be able to cope as he has had less to put up with than Mickey but would most likely be bailed anyway! I conclude that every little detail which Willy Russell has put into his well crafted book, and performance, has something to do with family and environment. Because of his own experiences he was able to complete the task of writing this book and include very graphic details of how family and environment effects peoples everyday lives and opportunities.

Stereotypes and English Language Learning

Stereotypes and English Language Learning When I was working on my undergraduate degree the professor asked the students of the college class to consider what our preconceived ideas and prejudices were about our future students. When I really thought about it I found that I did have prejudices against certain cultures more than others. I found that I considered Caucasian and Asian students to be smart and well behaved and considered African American and Hispanic students as not as smart and poorly behaved. It bothered me quite a bit but I realized I could not change if I did not recognize my faults. Obviously this is not true. The intelligence of a person is not based on their skin color or culture. The thoughts I had in my head came from somewhere. In this research paper I will explore the issue of stereotypes as it pertains to English Language Learners (ELL) who speak Spanish as their first language in particular. When I refer to Hispanic students in this paper I am inferring the student is also an ELL student. I work with Spanish speaking students, primarily Mexican. I felt researching this subgroup would be most beneficial to me and my co-workers. Much of the information could be accurate for other groups as well. The definition of stereotype according to Dictionary.com (2010) is, A set of inaccurate, simplistic generalizations about a group that allows others to categorize them and treat them accordingly. Unfortunately the majority of the stereotypes about Hispanic people are overwhelmingly negative. Some examples of stereotypes against Mexican students are, (1) gang members, (2) boys are macho, (3) girls should be submissive or objectified, (4) large families/many children, (5) dirty, (6) illegal aliens, (7) parents work mainly in the hotel and landscaping industries(Terra, 2010. The photographs below demonstrate some of the images that people are subjected to. People who are not in contact with adults and children from the Hispanic cultures may think that this is how all people from Hispanic backgrounds truly look. Images speak a 1,000 words. The media including television, magazines, and the Internet often perpetuate the stereotypes of different cultures. According to the Media Awareness Network, stereotypes act like codes that show audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people. The image usually relates to a persons class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation (Media Awareness Network, 2010). The images Hispanic children and teens are bombarded with can cause confusion. They may get brainwashed into believing that they are supposed to look and behave in a stereotypical manner. The problem with media stereotyping is that stereotyping can reduce substantially the amount of personal differences about people into an over simplified category. Media stereotyping can also convert assumptions about particular groups of people into what is commonly considered a fact. People in power use the media stereotypes to justify statements they make. The media stereotypes also perpetuate inequality and social prejudice (Media Awareness Network, 2010). More often than not, the groups being stereotyped has little to say about how they are represented (Media Awareness Network, 2010). For example television corporations have a lot of power, control, and influence over what images they put on the television programming. If the station chooses to put images of gang violence or stereotypical Hispanic images the culture represented would have an uphill battle trying to get the television station to change the programming to a more positive view of the Hispanic culture. It is important for teachers to attempt to help filter the harmful effects of the media that students of all cultures are bombarded with on a daily basis. Careful selection of books, videos, internet sites, magazines, and activities need to be carefully evaluated before showing them to students. I constantly complain about what I see on television when I watch programs with my sixteen year old daughter. We talk about the inaccuracies and stereotypes. If teachers make children aware of the stereotypes on television the students will learn to see the bias for themselves. After listening to the A-Z lectures (Blecher-Sass Russell-Fowler, 2010) and reviewing the slides it occurred to me how important it is to have a classroom that is representative and respectful of the cultures contained in it in order to address stereotyping. I also know that it is important to expose the children to cultures from around the world. The world is becoming a small place with the instant information of the World Wide Web. Collages came to mind when I thought about representing the different types of people within a culture. Referencing the picture above, the images represented do show people from a Hispanic culture, but so do the three images inserted below. The collage project would be a wonderful activity for the students to undertake. The students would write reports and make collage posters to represent different cultures. I would let them pick from all areas of the world so that we would have a variety of cultures represented in the classroom (Blecher-Sass Russell-Fowler, 2010). (Getty Images, 2010) Traditions can also be a part of a stereotype of a culture. For example, not all Hispanic girls will have a Quinceanera (Terra, 2010). Some Hispanic girls might have a sweet 16 or no significant party at all. I think it is important for teachers to have the parents of the children volunteer in the classroom to share family traditions. My school is 87% Hispanic (CCSD, 2010). It would be extremely interesting and beneficial to the students to learn about the different traditions of their friends families. Many of the students have a culture in common but each family is unique. It is important to highlight the differences and the distinctive attributes of every family. When people think of parent involvement in schools, they typically imagine a middle-class parent attending a PTA meeting or school board meeting, or volunteering to make cupcakes for a class party (Airola, 2004). In this example there is a preconceived notion that only certain people are welcome at school. Or that people need a certain set of skills to help at school. I had a parent just the other day tell me her stay at home husband, only spoke Spanish, when I mentioned I would love for him to come and volunteer in the classroom. I told her that it did not matter. Her husband was uncomfortable volunteering in an English speaking kindergarten classroom. I will continue to welcome all my parents into my classroom. People can stereotype themselves. Sometimes it is comfortable to be what the media says you are. All students may not be headed to college, once they graduate. It is important to make sure that it is the students choice. Educators must not use stereotyping to pigeon hole a student into any educational, vocational, career, or job choice. I have heard too many stories of successful adults that have been told they were, not college material (Jackson, 2010). Teachers should provide students with positive role models, of former ELL students, who have overcome the obstacle of being a non-English speaker, and how they have become success stories. Clark County School District has 65.4% of students who are considered part of the minority population. Hispanic students make up the largest population of students in the Clark County School District (CCSD, 2010). It is imperative that teachers do not stereotype the students into what the media and politicians would like community members to believe. The students that teachers are educating today will be the leaders of tomorrow. (CCSD, 2010) According to Pew Hispanic Center 23% of the Hispanic children in the state of Nevada live in poverty (Demographic Profile of Hispanics in Nevada, 2008, 2010). Nearly one quarter of the children live in low-income areas and go to low socioeconomic schools. The teachers need to take into account that many of the students do not see Hispanic role models in professional jobs in the environment where they live. Teachers have the responsibility to bring in speakers and volunteers to work with the children and open the students eyes to the big wide world outside of their neighborhood. If the children see successful adults who look like them it just may foster their ambition to reach for higher goals in the future. Another definition of a stereotype is a generalized image of a person or group, which does not acknowledge individual differences and which is often prejudicial to that person or group. Many of our students may encounter a feeling of not belonging due to their language and/or culture. An educators job is to try and help students avoid these possible situations by addressing the issue with our entire class, staff, and all that come in contact with the child. Success can only be achieved when all those involved agree to work as a team (Blecher-Sass Russell-Fowler, 2010).

Key Events Of The Civil Rights Movement Essay -- African-American Civil

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States Civil Rights Movement of the 1960's was the centerfold of the 1900's. The Movement came about because not all Americans were being treated fairly. In general white Americans were treated better than any other American people, especially black people. There were many events of the Civil Rights Movement some dealt with black people not getting a fair education. Some events came about because people were advocating that people should be able to practice their American rights. The term paper that you are about to read is composed of events that occurred as apart of the Civil Rights Movements. The events are all in chronological order with the brutal murder of Emmett Till first in order. After that is the story of Arkansas' Central High School's integration. Keeping with the idea of equal education, you will be able read how the University of Mississippi was integrated by James Meredith with the assistance of the U.S. Government. Lastly you will see t he power the Ku Klux Klan had in the deep South, especially Mississippi, with the murder of three members of the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO). These events are just a glimpse of what the Civil Rights Movement truly was. Now here is the strory of young Emmett Till. Emmett Till   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not knowing the customs of Mississippi was the downfall for young Emmett Till. While visiting family near Money, Mississippi, Emmett Till, age 14, was murdered. Emmett grew up on Chicago's South side, where he was a fun loving child with a bit of a smart mouth. Living in Chicago, Emmett knew of segregation but had white play mates. On one occasion he had showed his cousins a picture of a white girl and had told them that she was his girl. His friends were some what impressed and had dared Emmett to speak to a white woman who was inside of the store, that they were standing in front of. Emmett went in and bought some candy and as he left, he said to the woman, "Bye-baby." That would be the biggest mistake of his life. When the woman's husband got back from out of town, there was trouble for Emmett. The woman's husband, Roy Bryant, and her brother, J.W. Milam, paid a visit to the cabin of Mose Wright, Emmett's grandfather. The white men did not listen to Mose Wrights suggestion that since Emmett was not from Mississippi, that they may just whip him. Instead, the men ki... ... allowed by the police chief to be beaten for about fifteen minutes in Anniston, Alabama. Furthermore, I was not able to mention the end of "separate but equal" with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on the case Brown vs. Board of Education. Inclusion to this paper I hope that you have enhanced your knowledge of the Civil Rights Movement. RESOURCES: Events of the Civil Rights Movement Books   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnson, Jacqueline. Stokely Carmichael: The Story of Black Power. Silver Burdett Press, Inc., a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ,1990.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hornsby and Straub. African American Chronology. Volume I: 1492-1972. Gale Research International Limited., Detroit, Michigan, 1994.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Editors of Ebony. Ebony Pictorial History of Black America. Volume III: Civil Rights Movement to Black Revolution. Johnson Publishing Company, Inc., Chicago, Illinios, 1974. Television Program   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "The Ku Klux Klan: A Secret History." Narr. ?. Writ. and Prod.?. History Channel, March 11, 2000. Internet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lythgoe, Dennis. Desert News, February 26, 1997. Address: http://members.aol.com/deverysa/index.html.

Blacks and Whites in Movies Essay -- essays research papers

The object of this paper is to portray the role of African Americans and Whites in modern contemporary films. It is evident that there has been a great deal of effort in the integration of black people into American society. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has strived to undo the ties of segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The NAACP has used several strategies to overturn segregation rules and obtain suffrage for black citizens. With the introduction of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s, the motto â€Å"We shall overcome’ served as inspiration for the fight against segregation. Although much effort has been made to integrate black people into society over the years, there still exists significant segregation with respect to roles in motion pictures and modern film. However, great advancements have been made in recent years to overcome this struggle to equally include African Americans in the wealth and success of the media culture. With the recent surge of technological advancement and media industry, the black role has simultaneously advanced. The African American history of struggle, misrepresentation, and segregation has been the theme of many modern movies, music, and television shows. African Americans are taking advantage of this opportunity to represent the African American culture, even though it serves to explain their historical oppression and misfortune and not of their success and well-being. They are turning a negative history into a positive career and future. Approximately eighty years ago, it was only a thought that African Americans should indeed make movies and appear in the big screen alongside white actors and actresses. Today this dream is now reality. The road to making motion pictures with the inclusion of African Americans has been evolutionary on all levels with lots of observable changes. The movie industry has become more willing to produce new themes an d films featuring African Americans as stars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The advancement of African Americans in the movie industry has become evident with their recent accolades in film roles and production. The Oscars present a golden statuette to a person in recognition of their achievements in the filmmaking industry. History was made in 2001 when African Americans won in both the Best Actor and Best Actress categ... ...bsp;Train- white lady stares at them- sara and Derek purposely make a scene for a reaction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sara ends it with Derek †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sara makes Julliard †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy ending with Sara and Derek Guess Who- Kevin Rodney Sulliven- 2005 Ashton Kutcher- Simon Bernie Mac- Percy Zoe Saldana- Theresa Judith Scott- Marilyn †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simon –white, Theresa- black, engaged †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cranford- NJ- meet the parents †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don’t know that Simon is white †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confuse black taxi driver and simon †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shocked- Percy doesn’t like him †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theresa tries to talk to the mom about it †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percy shares bed with Simon †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racial statements †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percy and Simon drive women away †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Help each other-begin a relationship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy ending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Blacks and Whites in Movies Essay -- essays research papers The object of this paper is to portray the role of African Americans and Whites in modern contemporary films. It is evident that there has been a great deal of effort in the integration of black people into American society. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) has strived to undo the ties of segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The NAACP has used several strategies to overturn segregation rules and obtain suffrage for black citizens. With the introduction of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950’s, the motto â€Å"We shall overcome’ served as inspiration for the fight against segregation. Although much effort has been made to integrate black people into society over the years, there still exists significant segregation with respect to roles in motion pictures and modern film. However, great advancements have been made in recent years to overcome this struggle to equally include African Americans in the wealth and success of the media culture. With the recent surge of technological advancement and media industry, the black role has simultaneously advanced. The African American history of struggle, misrepresentation, and segregation has been the theme of many modern movies, music, and television shows. African Americans are taking advantage of this opportunity to represent the African American culture, even though it serves to explain their historical oppression and misfortune and not of their success and well-being. They are turning a negative history into a positive career and future. Approximately eighty years ago, it was only a thought that African Americans should indeed make movies and appear in the big screen alongside white actors and actresses. Today this dream is now reality. The road to making motion pictures with the inclusion of African Americans has been evolutionary on all levels with lots of observable changes. The movie industry has become more willing to produce new themes an d films featuring African Americans as stars.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The advancement of African Americans in the movie industry has become evident with their recent accolades in film roles and production. The Oscars present a golden statuette to a person in recognition of their achievements in the filmmaking industry. History was made in 2001 when African Americans won in both the Best Actor and Best Actress categ... ...bsp;Train- white lady stares at them- sara and Derek purposely make a scene for a reaction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sara ends it with Derek †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sara makes Julliard †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy ending with Sara and Derek Guess Who- Kevin Rodney Sulliven- 2005 Ashton Kutcher- Simon Bernie Mac- Percy Zoe Saldana- Theresa Judith Scott- Marilyn †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Simon –white, Theresa- black, engaged †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cranford- NJ- meet the parents †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Don’t know that Simon is white †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confuse black taxi driver and simon †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shocked- Percy doesn’t like him †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theresa tries to talk to the mom about it †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percy shares bed with Simon †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Racial statements †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Percy and Simon drive women away †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Help each other-begin a relationship †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy ending.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Kings Park Psychiatric Center :: essays research papers fc

The Kings Park Psychiatric Center has had a large effect on the social changes of Long Island. A small town grew larger and prosperous from the direct effect of this State hospital from the time of 1885 to the present. The history of the town, the patients and court cases held, and the concluding plans for the land after its closing have all had a significant mark on the social changes of the town. The first hospital was built in a quiet farming town later named Kings Park. In 1885, officials of what was then the city of Brooklyn established the Kings County Farm on more than 800 acres to care for the mentally ill. Kings Park was only a small part of what would later become a giant chain of connected mental hospitals on Long Island, each with over 2,500 patients at one time.(Bleyer,2) As new buildings went up at Kings Park, so did the patient population. At the turn of the century, Kings Park in just 15 years had grown to, 697 patients and a staff of 454. This dramatic increase had given the hospital a larger population than the rest of the Town of Smithtown. (Sarhaddi) The hospital was very equipped; therefore, not very dependant on the rest of Long Island. All the hospitals built around this time prided themselves on being self-sufficient farm communities. At Kings Park, the three wooden houses grew into more than 150 permanent buildings, including a bakery, Laundromat, amusement hall, bandstand, library, furniture repair shops, and nursing school. Most of the people who lived in Kings Park worked at the Psychiatric Center. Many of them were Irish immigrants brought from their native land more than 50 years ago by relatives who worked at the mental hospital on the Long Island Sound and who had promises of jobs for them too. (Bleyer) During World War II, when many employees joined the armed forces, Central Islip recruited black workers from the Carolinas, which led to cultural changes in the mix of the community. This developed distinct differences between certain areas of race such as African American, Hispanic, and white neighborhoods. Minority groups not allowed to fight in the war or not taken to fight were offered jobs to work at the hospitals. The Kings Park Psychiatric Hospital hadn’t really become very over-populated until the 1960’s. (Sarhaddi) The Kings Park Psychiatric Center was in its Heyday in the 1960’s.

Importance of Data Security and Data Safety Essay

To prevent companies from using or passing on confidential information to other companies without the permission of the person who the data is about, companies will need to protect the data. With the popularity of the Internet there are opportunities for thieves to steal their personal data. So the government set a law (data protection act) which is used to protect people’s rights concerning how data is used and you also have the right to see such information and have any errors corrected. Also organisation will want to keep data confidential because it will not want its competitors to know how the business is going. List the 8 principles of the Data Protection Act The Data Protection Act says the personal data should: 1. Be adequate, relevant and not excessive. For example college should keep students details and details must be just what is needed and nothing more. 2. Be processed in accordance with the data subject right. For example the person that the data refers to have the right to read the information about him/her and the organisation should provide hem/her with information they need. 3. Be accurate and be kept up to date. There is a duty to keep it up to date, for example to change an address when people move. 4. Not be kept longer than necessary. For example it is alright to keep information for certain length of time but it would be wrong to keep information about past customers longer than a few years at most 5. Be obtained and processed for limited purposes. For example the organization must use the data only in the way it is described and it must not use it for any other purpose. 6. Be secure. This includes keeping the information backed up and away from any unauthorised access. It would be wrong to leave personal data open to be viewed by just anyone. 7. Not be transferred to countries outside Europe without adequate protection. Unless the country that the data is being sent to has a suitable data protection law 8. Be processed fairly and lawfully. For example if you put your money at bank no one can transfer your money without your permission. (a) What is the difference between the Internet, Intranet and Extranet? (P8) Internet: Are public networks that allow the user to use any of its facilities. Intranet and Extranet: is like a private internet. It is like a website that is only accessible to the members of a business or company. The different between Intranets and Extranet is: Intranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the access the system with an organisation. Extranet: Allow the members of organisation to access the system from different location but only by the users who have been given access rights. (b) * What is a browser? Is programme that can read web pages, by downloading HTML code and that allows the browser to interpret the code to the web page. A browser displays web pages, keeps track of where you’ve been, and remembers the places you want to return to, the most used browsers are Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. * Describe the role of a browser when using the Internet, Intranet and Extranet Browser allows the people to access information, view images, hear music and watch video, in the term of intranet and extranet the browser allows user to share documents, access databases and allow group work. * Describe the role of email when using internet communications. You can send email to an individual or to a group of people at the same time, you can create mailing list so that you can write a message and send it automatically to number of people. Also you can send files such as pictures, word document and sound as attachments to your message. (a) List major threats to an organisation that could happen while using the Internet. (P9) 1. Hacking (use to steal the personal details and private files of company) 2. The spreading of viruses (use to destroy or damage the important files of company) 3. Internet fraud (taking credit card details from customers) 4. Spay ware (is biggest threat in the computer system which allows someone to log into your computer and use it for their own purpose) 5. Spam ( sending unwanted messages especially commercial advertising) Purpose of assignment In this assignment, I have to do research and get information on the importance of data security and data safety. M research must be from ICT sources and non ICT sources and by using the evidence that I collect I should explain the importance of keeping customer information confidential, the main provision of data protection act, the role of browsers and email in internet communications, the difference between internet, intranet and extranet, the major threats to organization from internet and finally a poster that explains the importance of data safety and data security. The assignment will also gather key skills portfolio evidence. M5 Physical Security: Use of security guards, locks, reinforced doors, windows and walls depending on what is being protected. Use of ICT to enforce security entry on doors, and protected areas of buildings i.e.: swipe cards, fingerprint ID, voice recognition. Firewall: This is a security device, which acts as a single entry/exit point for information and access to a computer system. All traffic must pass through the firewall and therefore a system is secure from external threats. A firewall usually sits between the internal network of an organisation and access by the internet. Virus Protection: It is usual for systems to have some form of anti-virus software installed and running in the background. All files and devices introduced to the system would be scanned, any attempts to alter system files would be blocked, and notification made to the user/system administrator. Preventing the use of floppy disks is a good method of eliminating one source of potential virus problems. Identification of Users: A system of user ID’s and passwords is a simple method of preventing unauthorised personnel accessing the system. These should be managed by the system administrator. With this, only some users will have access to certain programmes and data therefore increasing the level of security on sensitive data. In addition, some users may only be able to read the data and not write the data. Other users may not have the ability to delete or even to access certain files. Encryption software: the data may be encrypted (coded) into a form, which can only then be decoded by the intended user. If the data falls into the wrong hands, it will be meaningless. Backups: To guard against the loss of data, backups should be regularly made. These backups should be stored in a separate place, preferably in a fireproof environment. Passwords software: Password protection usually involves a person typing in: * A User Name – to identify the person. * A Password – to identify the person. He should be the only one to know what it is. Computer viruses: which are programs that destroy the way computer operates without the knowledge of the user, there are huge numbers of viruses some are extremely malicious with the ability to delete or damage files and programs. Some of the threats that they cause to computer systems include: * Deleting data on the hard disk of the organisation computer system. * Enabling hackers to hijack the organisation system and use it for their own purposes. How do viruses spread: * CDs and floppy disks containing infected documents. * Emails containing infected attachments. Hackers: who gain unauthorised access to computer systems for the purpose of stealing and corrupting data, also gaining access to financial information about the organisation business or their customers for the purposes of fraud. Security measures may include†¦ * Each user should be given a user name and a password. * Computer usage may be logged. * Computers should be disconnected from a network when not in use. * Use a firewall – a computer running software, which detects hackers dialling in to a network. Spam: authorised users downloading a web page or receiving an email with hidden active content that attacks the organisation system or send sensitive information to unauthorised people. Organisation can stop spreading of spam by using spam filtering software Spy ware: is software that is placed on organisation computer when the employee visits certain websites, it is used to secretly gather information about the organisation usage and sends it back to advertiser or other interested company to tracking the organisation system use .it can also slow down or crashes the organisation computer Pop up: Many company advertisers on the Internet by using windows that pop up in the middle of computer screen to display a message. They might also open when you click a link or button on a Web site, and they might open either over or under the window, you wish to view. Some pop-up windows can contain inappropriate content or can be a way for employee of organisation to accidentally download dangerous software (called spyware or adware) onto organisation computer. Infringement of copyright: Internet users are not allowed to copy or print some internet materials such as; video, music, files and photos without the permission of copyright holder and sometimes they may have to pay a licence to do so. Theft and fraud: credits card fraud for example people can steal the details on credits card and using them illegally to buy goods Sole trader: A sole trader is the actual owner of a business, a sole trader also has unlimited liability. All the debts of the business are the debts of the owner. They can not issues shares .The whole meaning behind † Sole† means that she/he does not have partners. (e.g. electrical repair, picture framing, photography, diving instruction, retail shops, and hotels) Partnership A Partnership can be liable for all debts, it is easy to setup, but is also inexpensive to form. Forming partnership requires an agreement that is some times called partnership agreement ‘between two to twenty individuals’ which entitles them to jointly own and carry on a trader business together. A partnership is a contract between two or more persons who agree to pool talent and money and share profit or loss. Private limited company A Private limited company has limited liability (the shareholders cannot loose more than their original shareholdings), and a minimum of two shareholders and a maximum of fifty shareholders. It cannot offer its shares to the public. A private limited company is treated as a legal entity. Public limited company A company which may have an unlimited number of shareholders and offer its shares to the wider public. (e.g. Cadbury and Tesco) Multi-National company A company that does business in more than one country, usually by setting up branch offices. Tesco Characteristics * Type of company: Tesco is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: including food and non-food business, personal finance, internet shopping, electrical items, home entertainment, toys, sports equipment, and many more. * Profit / loss: Tesco’s Profit and Loss 2005 2004 Sales at net selling prices 37,070 33,557 Turnover including share of joint ventures 34,353 31,050 Less: share of joint ventures’ turnover (379) (236) Operating profit/(loss) 1,949 1,735 Share of operating profit/(loss) of joint ventures and associates 130 97 Net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets 53 (9) Profit on ordinary activities before taxation 1,962 1,600 Underlying profit before net profit/(loss) on disposal of fixed assets, integration costs and goodwill amortisation 2,029 1,708 * Size of company: Tesco operates 923 stores and employs 240,000 people , there are 639 branches in Great Britain and 182 in the rest of Europe * Location: they operate in UK, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Thailand, South Korea, Taiwan and the Republic of Ireland * Purpose of company: to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. * Aims: Built good non-food sales expanded into retailing services and exploited e-commerce successfully. * Objective: 1. To deliver a consistently strong customer offer. 2. Making their shopping trip as easy as possible. 3. Constantly seeking to reduce their prices to help customer spend less. * Logo: Cadbury Characteristics * Type of company: is an international retailer and is a publicly owned company (Public Limited Company Plc). * Products: chocolate and drinks brands. * Profit / loss: Cadbury Profit and Loss à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2006 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (Millions) 2005 Turnover 6,508.00 6,085.00 Operating Profit / (Loss) 1,003.00 825.00 Net Interest (188.00) (205.00) Pretax Profit 843.00 642.00 Post Tax Profits 703.00 497.00 Total Dividend Paid n/a n/a Retained Profit / (Loss) for the financial year n/a n/a * Size of company: they operate in more than 35 countries and they employs over 55,000 people * Location: Americas, Europe, Middle East and Africa and Asia Pacific. * Purpose of company: the organization work together to create brands people love. * Aims : 1. Deliver shareowner performance. 2. Ensure their capabilities are best in class. 3. Reinforce reputation with employees and society * objective: 1. Responding to consumer needs quickly. 2. Grow shareowner value. 3. Attract and develop the best kind of people.

An Analysis of Movies Armageddon

Among the movies that were released and made it big at the box-office in 1998 were the Armageddon and Saving Private Ryan. Although the first is a science-fiction and the second is a war movie, making their presentation of the use of film technology different, both films are pictures of totally predictable elements – loud noises and frequent explosions. The two movies both presented battle scenes – against the asteroid in Armageddon while it is a battle among soldiers in Saving Private Ryan. Best remembered from the two films were the elements of sparks, noise, vibrations, shouting, running, screaming, fighting, fire, tremors, crashes and collisions. The difference in their cinematography and editing aspects depicted the use of their own film techniques and technology.Saving Private Ryan has Tom Hanks and Matt Damon as the main actors. The Steven Spielberg war film told about the character of James Ryan (Damon), who has parachuted into France during the Allied invasion of Europe, has just lost three brothers in combat. Government policy dictates that he should return home lest his family be deprived of its entire male offspring. A team of soldiers, led by Captain John Miller (Hanks) and fresh from the beaches of Normandy, is assembled to find and save Private Ryan.The use of film techniques was manifested with the way how Spielberg and his crew recreated the arrival of Allied forces at Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944, by using water-level and then ground-level handheld cameras during a 24-minute sequence of especially graphic carnage. McKenzie noted the use of seamless SFX and advanced film-making techniques, the terrors of battle massacre are splattered onscreen. The viewing public find themselves totally absorbed in the war horror, â€Å"with the dizzying and expert use of a variety of techniques, including hand-held cameras, the speeding up of the often unrelated images, frantic editing, and varying film stock. Spielberg's gifted Oscar-winning cin ematographer, Janusz Kaminski brought a compelling war-newsreel look to a lot of the images† (McKenzie, 2005).Another technique is when the film started off with the title Saving Private Ryan. It started off like this to show the title of the film and show what the film is going to be about. In some films they show a bit of the film and then show the title. But Spielberg didn't want to do this. This showed the film might be really exciting and interesting to watch. The Saving Private Ryan title was written in white lettering against a black background. The black background symbolizes the people who died in the war while the white lettering symbolizes those soldiers who fought in the war and emerged as winners.Cinematographer Kaminski employed many different techniques during filming to set the mood of a given scene. During the opening sequence, for example, the film is overexposed a bit to give a sense of a documentary-like feel to the scenes. The camera work is often hand hel d and jerky too, heightening the sense of realism during the scene. But the disc handles all this easily and is a testament to the work being done by the folks over at DreamWorks.Saving Private Ryan is nothing but a demonstration of cinematographic skills in a totally inappropriate context. Why does film documentary style, with a shoulder-held camera to capture the chaos, yet so formally stage the scenes and with bodies perfectly falling into full frame, dying perfect deaths? This is because everything onscreen told the audience what came first in the making of the movie: more than the war, its aesthetics possibilities.In Schlosser’s review, Spielberg and his skilled band of technicians studied the photo archives and documentaries very carefully. Then they carefully re-created the settings, the shootings, the sounds and furies. And on the seventh day, they decided to superimpose some silhouettes (Schlosser, 2000).The science-fiction film Armageddon, which top-billed Bruce Wil lis and directed by Michael Bay, started when the space shuttle is destroyed in outer space and NASA astronomers discovered that a meteor shower is pelting away at earth and that a huge asteroid, the size of Texas and capable of destroying the planet is headed for a direct hit with the planet. With all options too fantastic to implement before collision, NASA decides to recruit the world's best deep core drilling team (oil drillers) to land on the asteroid, drill a hole, drop a nuclear bomb into the hole, then take off and remotely detonate the bomb.For the drill team, they select Harry Stamper (Bruce Willis) and his crew that includes tough guy-softie Bear (Michael Clarke Duncan), brilliant smart-ass Rockhound (Steve Buschemi), A.J. (Ben Affleck) the overeager fiancà © of his independent daughter (Liv Tyler), and spacy Oscar (Owen Wilson). It's a race against time to get the drillers trained, land them on the asteroid and get the hole drilled before earth is destroyed.Aside from t he futuristic aspect of the movie, its other strong points are editing and cinematography. From sweeps around the NASA conference room to quick close-ups, from split-second backgrounds to the simulated, striking aerial view of the double launch, the camera work told the story with stylistic, often frenetic motion.The film’s use of advance technology saved the script which was the result of the well-shot but terribly clichà ©d montages, many showing Bay's vision of a type of classic America, people listening to news of the coming catastrophe, gathered in a Mayberry-like barber shop or sitting in vintage pickups, near American flags and farmhouses. Another technique evidence is the one shot of a group of boys who even runs past a clapboard store sporting a faded campaign mural of JFK.Bay directed this stuff with a sure hand and a lot of slow motion effects. His visuals are actually quite amazing, including the spectacular lift-off of the two shuttles. Side-by-side, the image i s from far away, as the spaceships race off, leaving a trail of smoke behind. Bay is a good director for color pictures, using oranges and yellows effectively. The cinematography is excellent, and the editing is fast-paced. The special effects are top-notch, blowing away anything seen in that other comet film. The opening sequence is one of the best moments in the film, and one shocking moment occurs when a meteor plows into a city and you see it completely wiped out from the top of Notre Dame.The work by Blue Sky|VIFX for the opening shot ARMAGEDDON is brilliant. In a single shot, asteroids pummel the earth, creating huge fireballs that envelop the camera, wiping on the film's main title graphic. The camera swoops by the earth, revealing the massive destruction of the meteor shower, allowing the audience to fully examine the effect of this disaster. Geological inaccuracies aside, the shot is quite memorable. Explosion elements seem in scale, and the slow camera movement is quite bo ld–all in all, an exciting prelude for things to come.The two films used the theme of human sacrifice. For Saving Private Ryan, it was the sacrifice of a team of soldiers for a single human being while Willis’ sacrifice in Armageddon was in order to save the world and all the people living in it. Although set in different societies – a community torn in war and a world face with asteroid, both showed the importance of having to sacrifice and even to be killed just to save either one person or mankind. Saving Private Ryan pictured that in a war-torn society, the soldiers are destined to sacrifice their lives notwithstanding if these are for the sake of only one or many people.Armageddon was also a manifestation of giving up a life but this time to save not only one single human but the whole mankind. The two movies told the lesson of a society of such human beings are worth sacrificing for and that it is only through the value of each and every human being that a society achieves value itself.The audience who liked these two films is assumed to be of giving value to human life. Although different in genres, the audiences were moved that the film gave credit not just to the technology and techniques used but more so of the theme and lesson behind the aesthetics of the films.ReferencesMcKenzie, Edward (2005). Saving Private Ryan (World War II Collection) (1998).Schlosser, Eric. (January 2000). On Saving Private Ryan. Bright Lights Film Journal, Issue 27. Retrieved January 11, 2008 from http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/27/savingprivateryan.html

Made for India

While consumers across the world are seeing a growing number of â€Å"Made in India† labels on the goods they buy, Indian shoppers are witnessing a more subtle change. Increasingly, multinational companies are selling products that are not just made in — but that are made for — India. Entire generations of Indian consumers, who once felt grateful simply for being able to experience the same brands as the rest of the world, are now realizing they can ask for products that cater to their wants and needs. And they stand a good chance of getting what they want. â€Å"The willingness of big brands to customize their products was never the issue,† says Harminder Sahni, managing director of Technopak Advisors India, one of the country's largest management consultancies. â€Å"What has changed is that the Indian market has finally reached a critical mass — after the U. S. and China, this is the largest consumer market in the world — that justifies the investment. † That wasn't always the case. Before the Indian economy opened up in the early 1990s, â€Å"imported† goods were a sought-after commodity, their foreignness often being their most desirable attribute. Not surprisingly, then, many multinationals didn't think success would require much effort when their brands finally entered the country after 1991. Things have changed. As Indian consumers became more aware of trends and advancements in technology, they began to demand similar sophistication. More important, they wanted products built to their needs. That meant not just automobiles, household appliances and consumer electronics, but also mobile phones, foods and apparel. â€Å"Earlier, there was a reverence for anything foreign because local products were of terrible quality,† says Abraham Koshy, professor of marketing at the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). â€Å"But as the market developed, the focus started shifting from the product to the brand. Customers started patronizing a brand only if the product suited them. So the need arose for companies to adjust their products to customers' requirements. † It isn't only about holding on to existing customers. If altering a product's design or introducing a variant will help a brand reach out to an additional customer group, most companies would think it worth the investment. â€Å"Brands that establish their relevance with customers do well,† says Shripad Nadkarni, director of MarketGate Consulting, a Mumbai-based marketing and brand consultancy. The increasing use of third-party sourcing helps further the customization cause; companies can simply take on additional local suppliers who will adapt the products for different markets and customer groups. Of course, localization doesn't work for all products. Many high-end luxury goods, for instance, rely on their country-of-origin tag to enhance their brand appeal. A â€Å"Made in India† label on these products would be disastrous, says Technopak's Sahni. Koshy adds that products where the unit consumption is low may not justify huge outlays on customization.

How to write a essay Essay

Getting into college could be as easy as memorizing the alphabet just like a preschooler. But, getting into college with a scholarship is a whole different thing. From the thousands of college applicants aiming for a scholarship, how will you make your essay application stand out? There are millions of essay examples over the internet but, you need to come up with an essay that will get you that scholarship. Tips on How to Write a Good Scholarship Essay: 1. Read instructions carefully College application can become a common thing for you. You might actually get the feeling of doing the same thing over and over like answering the same question for the nth number of times. No matter how similar college applications are, you have to read and understand the instructions well. If you want to land on a good school for college with a scholarship, everything starts with reading and comprehending the instructions. 2. Organize your thoughts After reading the instructions, it’s time to line up your thoughts to make an effective essay that will get you that scholarship. Look for essay samples on the internet or in books. Have a sort of survey from resources that will help you fill in the contents of your essay. It is difficult to start writing an essay, but with organized ideas, you can do it efficiently and effectively. 3. Make an outline When you get a general idea of the essay contents, you can now make an outline of specific details that will be included in your composition. Essay examples usually present general ideas down to the specific. Having an outline is very helpful to keep your essay consistent and focused on a particular topic. 4. Discuss every topic based on the instruction Paying attention to details or instructions is actually part of writing the essay for a scholarship application. Make sure that every topic asked in the essay questions is discussed in the whole composition. Remember that you only have one chance of writing an essay that will make a lasting impression on your college application. 5. Use simple language format and make sure your grammar is perfect Do not try to impress readers of your essay. Even if you are in college, you are not expected to use highfaluting words, but rather make your sentences simple and clear. No matter how technical your vocabulary is but poor grammar is an indication of a lousy essay. 6. Avoid bragging about your achievements Although it is important that you include your achievements as this will help your scholarship application, however you only need to do this if you are asked to do so. Avoid bragging, instead, talk about your achievements simply. It is also good to include the lessons you have learned in gaining such success. 7. Have someone edit and check your work To ensure that you are submitting an essay that will get you the scholarship, have an expert check your work. An editor or a previous professor can help you improve and validate how excellent or poor your essay is. Essay Writing First paragraph — Introduction The first paragraph is essential in capturing the attention of your readers. It is called an introduction as it gives an overview of what your essay is all about. The first paragraph should be similar to an â€Å"About Me† part of a reading material. Make it as simple as possible and dynamically connected to your next point. Second Paragraph – Important Details The second paragraph should support your introduction. This section includes more detail and usually the start of elaboration for every point or question. Say for example, state reasons why you should qualify for the scholarship; state your accomplishments; why are you choosing a particular course and the like. Third paragraph – Future Goals The third paragraph should speak of your future goals and your vision after pursuing a college degree. Goals have to be specific, and should reflect an action plan after your college graduation. Fourth paragraph – The Best Candidate End your essay by stating reasons why you are the best candidate to be chosen for the scholarship. State two to three main points from the previous paragraphs. Do not forget to note your appreciation for the readers of your essay for taking the time to read your essay. Composing your ideas and putting them in writing is never easy. It can be stressful and puts on a lot of pressure, especially when your future depends on this essay for a scholarship grant. There are many essay examples you can find on the web today.