Thursday, December 26, 2019

Organizational Failure And Its Impact On Organizational...

There is great need to learn from failure and this cannot be overemphasized. Few organizations manage to do it well and the ones that manage to do it are few. In the past years, many corporations have failed with very few having attained success. Business and Management research has viewed organizational failure with no great regard to organizational success. Organizational failure is viewed with less significance or, as being complementary to research on the success of organizations. As reported by Ormerod (2005), a key feature to both human, social, and biological systems is failure. In her works, Amy (2011), found that many managers hold the belief that failing is not good. There is the belief that taking the lessons from failure is†¦show more content†¦As reported by (Farazmand et al, 1995) the chaos theory is a great tool used to gain deeper understanding of the complex interaction between small events that may occur outside the organization’s monitoring scope a nd how these interactions impact affect the organization. Seeger (2002) noted that organizations operate in a complex climate and are constantly in a state of near failure where any minor event has the potential to plunge the organization into great catastrophe. Incremental disruptions in the business climate which result in serious failures are likened to the butterfly effect where one minor change or shift happens which leads to another change/shift and in the end, you have this major challenge which will most certainly end up with some sort of failure (Steward’s,1989). Considering the above, certain failures are because of small event or chain of events, within the organization or climate where the organization works in. Due to the negligible nature of the small events managers rarely notice them because they are not easily seen and by chance if they did find them they would ordinarily push them aside or ignore them all together. This view implies, that management is mostl y unable to predict failure and are unable to deal with its causes. On the other hand, the sudden disruption process takes a sudden occurrence to causes theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Globalization On The Business Environment1356 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitive advantage and creating customers value (Dyer, 2002). Strategic alliances are inter-organizational cooperative structures formed to accomplish strategic objectives of the partnering firms. A number of business literatures and management practitioners have acknowledged the positive outcomes for companies engaged in it, such as higher returns on equity, better returns on investment and higher success rates compared with integration through merger and acquisition (Booz-Allen Hamilton, 2009)Read MoreHow Does Leadership Impact The Success Of A Company?1181 Words   |  5 PagesHow does leadership impact the success of a company? Many leadership theories exists in today’s business world, even more theories are taught. How does leadership impact the success of a company? Reflecting on current trends we will discover if one person truly has the power to positively or negatively affect the success of a company through leadership. Truly effective leaders know the respect of people is not just commanded it is earned. Accomplishing this type of respect is displaying the knowledgeRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Human Behavior1323 Words   |  6 PagesA major factor of a project’s success is the behavior of the employees. Employee behavior is influenced by organizational culture and leadership. This paper will briefly explore the influence organizational culture and human behavior have on the success of projects, in particular projects plagued with conflict. First, this paper will discuss the influences organizational culture has on the success of projects. Secondly, the role project leadership plays in the success of projects and how project managersRead MoreHow Organizational Culture Affects The Success And Failure Of An Organization Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageswith a golden circle† (Afshar, 2013). Sinek has brought an overview of an essential factor to all organization, which is organizational culture. 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Finally, a lack of identificationRead MoreRisk Management And Organizational Change Strategy1451 Words   |  6 PagesWeavetech Risk Management and Organizational Change Strategy Risks. There are many potential risks associated with acquisitions and mergers. According to Allen (2014) risks include â€Å" the miscalculations regarding the scale, scope and change management implications of the integration and the level of assimilation required† to make the transition a success. Another risk is would include the a lack of an adequate or strong communication strategy. Finally, a lack of identification or preparationRead MoreThe Omnipotent View of Management1331 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsible for the success or failure of an organization. This is a dominate view in management theory and society in general. The symbolic view of management takes the view much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside the manager’ control. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge executive who can overcome any obstacle in carrying out the organization’s objec tives. The  symbolic view  organizational results as beingRead MoreOrganizational Change and Healthcare Management Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesefficient and address changes in the industry have altered their strategic business plans. Lee Alexander (1999) researched organizational change in hospitals and their survival, in this paper I hope to discuss their findings and add other examples to validate their conclusions. Core and Peripheral Changes with Regard to Hospital Re-organization Found in the organizational structure and studied in hospital re-organization is the core and periphery both are varied systems that relate to the identityRead MoreThe Demonstration Of Leadership By Craig Johnson Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagescompany experienced a decline in productivity within a short period after the CEO entered the organization. Actually, Fiorina entered a largely successful firm and introduced significant changes within a short time duration, which had considerable impacts on the firm’s operations. The dramatic changes that were introduced within a short time culminated in the decline of the value of the company’s stock within five years and the eventual unceremonious removal of the CEO. This paper provides a responseRead MoreStrategic Strategy And Risk Assessment1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe business dictionary has defined success as the achievement of an objective or pre-determined goal. For this study, being successful will mean strategic a lliance partners achieving those objectives that necessitated their partnership. Uddin Akhter (2011) argued that strategic alliance success requires cooperative behaviour from all partners. They went further to state that alliance success depends on several factors such as active involvement in problem’s solution, being trustworthy; to create

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Family Aspects Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein

Family aspect in Frankenstein The family aspect in the Frankenstein is a strong theme that has been developed and challenged in the novel. The novel places weight in the role of parents within a family with parents having the role of protecting their children. For instance, Victor’s father is identified to protect him with different scenarios that are causing harm to him in addition to the happy upbringing filled with father’s affection. No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself. My parents were possessed by the very spirit of kindness and indulgence† (Shelley 23). Meanwhile, his family friends have surrounded the young man as they are in need to see his success. Through the traditional notions of attaining a stronger family, commitment, time, coping ability, spiritual wellness, appreciation, and communication are the most essential aspects (Westheimer and Yogada 24-29). However, Frankenstein has revealed more breaking up of ties between family members and friends charac terized by non-commitment, no time for family members, and lack of unity as well as, poor sexual relations revealed by Victor. Frankenstein has challenged the family concept against the traditional notions as we see; the home has been the place where refuge can be found. I do not feel that Frankenstein Victor has love and care for his family. However, with the beginning of the story it is revealed that the initial Victor’s family has been living a joyful life until the death of hisShow MoreRelatedMary Shelley and Flannery OConnor: Gothic Isolationists1724 Words   |  7 Pagesgenre of literature that combines fiction, horror and Romanticism with a particular focus on the mysterious and supernatural aspects. Gothic fiction originated in England during the latter half of the 18th century. This distinctive genre of literature soon developed into a 19th century phenomenon. The success of this dominant genre in England is frequently attributed to Mary Shelley. Despite its success during this time period, gothic fiction ceased to be a dominant genre by the Victorian Era. HoweverRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein: A Gothic Novel1595 Words   |  7 Pages Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein is one of the greatest Gothic novels to come out during the Romantic Period. Frankenstein is a prime example of what a Gothic novel should present to its reader through the genre’s twisted themes. Even though it was written in the Romantic period, Mary Shelley still wrote Frankenstein to be a Gothic work of literature. Many characteristics of Gothic novel can be seen within this novel. Mary Shelley’s outstanding novel Frankenstein is a prime example of a Gothic novelRead MoreMary Shelley s Use Of Point Of View1467 Words   |  6 PagesJoyner English IV Honors 17 December 2015 Mary Shelley’s Use of Point of View Mary Shelley uses point of view in Frankenstein to naturally develop her reader’s opinions and feelings in regards to her characters. Shelley forms her own Chinese Box structure along with a frame narrative stirred together to give the nature of stories within stories in a completely unique way (Narrative Technique in Frankenstein). When Shelley’s readers interpret Frankenstein, they tend to have mixed feelings when viewingRead More Significance of Chapter 5 in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay1212 Words   |  5 PagesComment on Chapter 5’s significance in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Famous writer, Mary Shelley was born in London in 1797. She was the daughter of writer William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley’s mother sadly died while giving birth to her. This was an influence included in the later successful novel ‘Frankenstein’. At 19, she married poet Percy Shelley, who she married in 1816. Together, Mary and Percy had five children, but only one survived past childhood. This tragedy, alongRead MoreFrankenstein Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesCompare Shelley’s Presentation of Women in Frankenstein with that of Brave New World Throughout the novel, Frankenstein, a feminist theme subtly pervades the novel, and is crucial to the characters of the story, the plot line and the setting of the novel. The reasons for the creation of the monster lie within Frankenstein s own familial relationships, especially with the grief he experienced at the loss of his mother. Frankenstein is riddled with passive female characters who suffer throughoutRead MoreMary Shelley ´s Frankenstein; Or, the Modern Prometheus, an Analysis of the Subtitle1219 Words   |  5 Pagesof creation.† (Shelley 37). Ab initio Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, is being put on a level with Prometheus through the subtitle. An indication that Mary Shelley did indeed have the myth in mind as she wrote the novel, is not only her subtitle, but moreover the parallels between the Prometheus myth and Frankenstein, which are undeniable. The title itself gives a lot away of the story which follows. It links the modern world with the ancient Greek myth. Victor Frankenstein â€Å"steals† theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein - Romantic Ideology Of A Byronic Hero1270 Words   |  6 Pagesthose authors was Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly. Her novel Frankenstein, which was published in 1818, incorporates different characteristics of Romanticism in many aspects but more d irectly through the characters. With an analysis of Victor Frankenstein, the monster, and Henry Clerval, it is clear that the characters of Frankenstein epitomize ideologies that were embodied during the Romantic Era including the Byronic hero, and emphasis on nature’s significance. Victor Frankenstein s character is an exampleRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Caleb Williams 1168 Words   |  5 PagesIn A.D Harvey’s article â€Å"Frankenstein and Caleb Williams,† he explains that Mary Shelley’s famous work, Frankenstein; was not intended to be of any actual scientific evidence, but rather written just only with the intention of a gothic horror piece â€Å"we will each write a ghost story† (Frankenstein Author’s introduction vii). Harvey’s target is to reach out to the science community and to sway them to look past the mechanics of how Frankenstein’s monster is created and focus on other points of interestRead MoreModernism And Its Impact On Society1347 Words   |  6 Pagessociety s norms, perceptions, and beliefs (Pucher, Akbarri and Denecke 78). Modernism touches on different aspects of the society such as class, gender and a quest for knowledge. It also looks into the alienation at the ti me. Most readings produced during the modernism era reflect the thoughts of the authors and the society s position at that time. This paper seeks to look into the spiritual and intellectual crisis of modern life. It will examine how modernism influenced how characters in Mary Shelley’sRead MoreFrankendoodle And Frankenstein1079 Words   |  5 PagesFrankenstein is a classic science fiction novel written by Mary Shelley, through the ages, many adaptations have taken the story through various forms of popular culture. SpongeBob Squarepants, a popular children s television show often alludes to classic literature, and makes it entertaining for all ages. While this example is quite comical, it does hold classical elements associated with Frankenstein, but takes a spin on the classic science fiction novel. In this essay I will consider the similarities

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Growing Up on the Streets Essay Example For Students

Growing Up on the Streets Essay As a young black woman growing up on the hardcore streets of North Philadelphia, you have to strive and fight for everything. The negativity and madness can grab and swallow even the most well-behaved kids. You live under the influence, and just become another stereotype talked about in the newspaper. Throughout my life, witnessing these many types of everyday situations, only made me want to better myself and show others that there is an alternate path to take. With the support of my family, positive thinking was always a factor within my life. Unlike the outside streets of North Philly, I chose to live in a house where love, and support flourished. A home where you was pushed and encouraged to do your best. Both my mother and father were raised on the same disastrous streets and did not finish school. However they were two strong individuals who were not influenced by the norm, but was determined for their children to be something in life. They refuse for us to end up like a stereotypical North Philadelphian. They have provided both my brother, sister and I with some of the best schooling within the Philadelphia area in order for us to have a brighter future. As parents, they showed me to always drive for the best, and being driven is a quality of being a leader. When I was enrolled into Philadelphia Performing Arts Charter School, I felt as if I was in a whole new world. It was a very diverse community, in which i was not use to. It was also much more of a positive environment other than my neighborhood. Attending elementary school in such a suitable diverse community and making new friends that i never knew that i could make influenced me even more to retain in affirmative activity and encourage me to be successful in life. When it came to choosing high schools, everyone normally chooses the neighborhood school just to be with the in crowd, not really for the education. Myself on the other hand, decided to attend Country Day School of the Sacred Heart, a predominantly Caucasian all girls catholic school, because i felt that it was something new to experience and somewhere that i felt would increase my education. Looking outside the box and being open minded to new things is an aspect that i feel will help me to becoming successful and as being leader, because when you are a leader having an open mind is a good quality. After receiving my education and spiritual support at CDSSH for two years, my parents could not afford for me to continue to attend anymore while raising my two siblings and I. Still only striving for the best, my parents and I refused that i attend one of my neighborhood schools and surround myself with the unacceptable activity. So from a reference of a friend i found a much cheaper high school where i would be getting a good education and surrounding myself around spiritual people, in which was John W Hallahan, another all girls school to keep focus. Hallahan was in the city , where as though CDSSH was more so in the suburbs. I was use to the city life, but after attending Sacred Heart for 2 years it was still a transition. At sacred Heart it was pretty much all white, i was probably one of twelve African American girls within 2 years of attending there, but at Hallahan i blended in a little more better. Time passed by at Hallahan, and then just as i got comfortable it was time for me to choose another school. It was not that i wanted to choose another school, but i knew that my parents could not afford for my brother and I to both go to catholic school, so i thought that I would give him the chance that i had.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Rolling Stone Essays - Control Characters, DOS Memory Management

The Rolling Stone ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Microsoft Windows 95 README for MS-DOS Device Drivers August 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1995 This document provides complementary or late-breaking information to supplement the Microsoft Windows 95 documentation. ------------------------ How to Use This Document ------------------------ To view Msdosdrv.txt on screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window. To print Msdosdrv.txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor, then use the Print command on the File menu. In syntax lines, except where noted, lowercase text signifies replaceable parameters and uppercase text must be typed as it appears. NOTE: The Config.txt file contains more Help for MS-DOS commands. Also you can type the name of the command at the command prompt, followed by a slash and question mark (/?). For example: CHKDSK /? -------- CONTENTS ANSI.SYS DBLBUFF.SYS DISPLAY.SYS DRVSPACE.SYS, DBLSPACE.SYS EGA.SYS EMM386.EXE HIMEM.SYS RAMDRIVE.SYS SETVER.EXE -------- ANSI.SYS ========= Note: In this section, uppercase letters in syntax and ANSI escape sequences indicate text you must type exactly as it appears. Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor movement, and reassign keys. The ANSI.SYS device driver supports ANSI terminal emulation of escape sequences to control your system's screen and keyboard. An ANSI escape sequence is a sequence of ASCII characters, the first two of which are the escape character (1Bh) and the left-bracket character (5Bh). The character or characters following the escape and left-bracket characters specify an alphanumeric code that controls a keyboard or display function. ANSI escape sequences distinguish between uppercase and lowercase letters; for example,A and a have completely different meanings. This device driver must be loaded by a DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH command in your CONFIG.SYS file. Syntax DEVICE=[drive:][path]ANSI.SYS [/X] [/K] [/R] Parameter [drive:][path] Specifies the location of the ANSI.SYS file. Switches /X Remaps extended keys independently on 101-key keyboards. /K Causes ANSI.SYS to treat a 101-key keyboard like an 84-key keyboard. This is equivalent to the command SWITCHES=/K. If you usually use the SWITCHES=/K command, you will need to use the /K switch with ANSI.SYS. /R Adjusts line scrolling to improve readability when ANSI.SYS is used with screen-reading programs (which make computers more accessible to people with disabilities). Parameters used in ANSI escape sequences: Pn Numeric parameter. Specifies a decimal number. Ps Selective parameter. Specifies a decimal number that you use to select a function. You can specify more than one function by separating the parameters with semicolons (;). PL Line parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the lines on your display or on another device. Pc Column parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the columns on your screen or on another device. ANSI escape sequences for cursor movement, graphics, and keyboard settings: In the following list of ANSI escape sequences, the abbreviation ESC represents the ASCII escape character 27 (1Bh), which appears at the beginning of each escape sequence. ESC[PL;PcH Cursor Position: Moves the cursor to the specified position (coordinates). If you do not specify a position, the cursor moves to the home position--the upper-left corner of the screen (line 0, column 0). This escape sequence works the same way as the following Cursor Position escape sequence. ESC[PL;Pcf Cursor Position: Works the same way as the preceding Cursor Position escape sequence. ESC[PnA Cursor Up: Moves the cursor up by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the top line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESC[PnB Cursor Down: Moves the cursor down by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the bottom line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESC[PnC Cursor Forward: Moves the cursor forward by the specified number of columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the rightmost column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESC[PnD Cursor Backward: Moves the cursor back by the specified number of columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the leftmost column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESC[s Save Cursor Position: Saves the current cursor position. You can move the cursor to the saved cursor position by using the Restore Cursor Position sequence. ESC[u Restore Cursor Position: Returns the cursor to the position stored by the Save Cursor Position sequence. ESC[2J Erase Display: Clears the screen and moves the cursor to the home position (line 0, column 0). ESC[K Erase Line: Clears all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line (including the character at the cursor position). ESC[Ps;...;Psm Set Graphics Mode: Calls the graphics functions specified by the following values. These specified functions remain active until the next occurrence of this escape sequence. Graphics mode changes the colors and attributes of text (such as bold and underline) displayed on the screen. Text attributes 0 All attributes off 1 Bold on 4 Underscore (on monochrome display adapter only) 5 Blink on 7 Reverse video on 8 Concealed on Foreground colors 30 Black 31 Red 32 Green 33 Yellow 34 Blue 35 Magenta 36 Cyan 37 White Background colors 40 Black 41 Red 42 Green 43 Yellow 44 Blue 45 Magenta 46 Cyan 47 White Parameters 30 through 47

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Road Construction Essays

Road Construction Essays Road Construction Essay Road Construction Essay International Infrastructure Project Cost Estimating Work Breakdown Paul Hewitt, International Project Estimating Limited Introduction Construction Cost Estimating Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The term WBS has become a common term in all fields related to Cost Engineering including Construction Cost Estimating, Scheduling and Project Cost Control. A well defined WBS is the backbone of good Construction Estimating Software and can take several forms including the breakdown of items within an estimate, the layout of groups within a schedule or the rollup of accounts within a cost report. It usually starts with a client’s desire to breakdown a tender into definable pay items, followed by the project manager’s wish to schedule activities of work in a logically and efficient manner and the contract cost control engineer’s goal to track and forecast costs. In each case a properly organized WBS is required. The Phases of a Civil Infrastructure Project The cycle of developing, designing, constructing and maintaining Civil Infrastructure projects includes many phases and participants. The projects usually originate with a developer or government body who formulate a concept design and budget. If the project is approved it then moves on to preliminary design and a more detailed budget is estimated. Depending on the financing options available, the project may go out as a traditional Detailed Design and Bid Build project or proposals may be solicited for Design Build or Design Build and Finance options. Participants within the Project Cycle The life of a major international infrastructure project can involve many participants and span across many years. These projects involve developers, government agencies, engineers, contractors, operators, environmentalists and community stake holders. It is essential for the success of a project that all participants within the project cycle communicate and transfer data efficiently and consistently. Lack of a Standard Industry Wide Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The dilemma that the international construction industry faces today is that there has been no common work breakdown upon which to communicate and transfer data between project participants. Traditional agencies like state and provincial highway authorities have all developed their own tender breakdowns, many of which that have been around long before the creation of electronic data transfer. Construction estimators have tended to follow the layout of the bids as provided by the government agencies. The scheduler commonly ignores the estimate breakdown because it does not logically adapt well to the sequence of work activities. The cost control engineer has to rollup the project costs into a corporate chart of accounts that even creates more inconsistency. Current Standard Work Breakdown Structures Many standard project work breakdown structures have been created over the years. The CSI (Construction Specifications Institute) format in North America and the SMM7 (Standard Method of Measurement) format in Great Britain are the most common and have been in existence for over 40 years. These originated as breakdowns for commercial building construction and quantity survey but both have evolved over the years to include other forms of construction. The State of California USA (DOT) Department of Transportation and the Province of Ontario Canada (MTO) Ministry of Transportation are examples of transportation government agencies whom have standardized tender breakdowns. The CSI (Construction Specifications Institute), the most popular Work Breakdown in North America, recently introduced an expanded version of their MasterFormat â„ ¢ in 2004 [1]. This work breakdown was expanded from the tradition 16 divisions of work covering building construction to include 50 divisions of work covering civil site work as well as process equipment. A Proposed Standard for an International Infrastructure Project Work Breakdown None of the current breakdowns, including CSI, fully cover the complete civil infrastructure project cycle including; development, engineering, construction, operations, maintenance and risk mitigation. The current CSI MasterFormat â„ ¢ 2004 Edition [1] comes closest to covering all the scope of work found in the construction of Building Facilities and Site Work. It falls short in addressing the unique requirements of estimators, schedulers and cost engineers in identifying all phases of work included in major Infrastructure work such as Build Own and Transfer (BOT) projects. This Standard Work Breakdown attempts to format the project into a multi-level WBS suited to estimate, schedule, track cost and measure performance on international infrastructure projects. The breakdown is also designed to facilitate the data transfer of a standard work breakdown between common estimating, scheduling and cost control software applications. The International Infrastructure Project Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) The following paragraphs outline the various sub-projects and phases within the Civil Infrastructure WBS. The Sub-Projects within a Civil Infrastructure Project Life Cycle Traditional work breakdown structures in the past have only identified the Construction Divisions within a project. This proposed work breakdown includes all phases within the life span of the project cycle, including Development, Engineering, Operations, Maintenance, Transfer and Risk. 1 Project Capital Cost 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 Overhead Construction Equipment Engineering Design Capital Cost Escalation Capital Cost Risk Proposal Financial Close Development Overhead Development Escalation Development Risk Operations Maintenance Transfer O M Escalation OM Risk 2 Project Development 3 Operations Maintenance Project Capital Cost The Project Capital Costs are normally the initial cost of the project, also referred to as the initial investment for the project. It is within this phase that the project is designed and built. Traditional work breakdowns have only included direct construction divisions. This WBS includes Site Head Office Overheads, Construction Equipment as well as Rolling Stock and Engineering. 1. 1 Overhead 1. 1. 1 1. 1. 2 1. 1. 3 1. 1. 4 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 1. 2. 3 1. 3. 1 1. 3. 2 1. 3. 3 1. 4. 1 1. 4. 2 1. 4. Site Indirect Costs Head Office Overhead Unallocated Costs Bonding Insurance Facilities Site Work Infrastructure Construction Equipment Operations Vehicles Transit Vehicles Site Investigation Engineering Design Resident Engineering 1. 2 Construction 1. 3 Equipment 1. 4 Engineering Design Project Development With the advent of the Build Own procurement model the activities and costs associated with the financial development of the project also ha ve to be accounted for and tracked. On major Civil Infrastructure projects, separate entities called â€Å"Concessionaires† have evolved to take on this responsibility. The concessionaire is often a joint venture company comprised of the contractors involved with the project or can be a separate entity on their own. The activities performed by the concessionaire have to be defined within the work breakdown structure. These activities are split into 3 distinct phases; the Proposal Phase during which time the proposal and financial models are prepared, the Financial Close phase, where the concessionaire negotiates with banks and financial institutions to procure financing for the project and the Operations phase, where the concessionaire manages or oversees the operation of the facility. On some international projects it may take several years to finalize all the legal agreements in order to get to financial close. 2. 1 Proposal 61. 10. 00 61. 20. 00 61. 30. 00 61. 40. 00 61. 50. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 63. 10. 00 Proposal Preparation Financial Modeling Legal Due Diligence Financial Due Diligence Success Fees Management Salaries General Expenses Office Facilities Office Services Public Relations Travel Subsistence Municipal Taxes 2. 2 Financial Close 2. 3 Concessionaire Overhead Operations and Maintenance In addition to building and owning infrastructure facilities the concessionaire (developer) is normally required to operate and maintain the facility over an extended period of time. The concession period can extend for 20 to 30 years. At the end of the period that facility is then transferred back to the municipality or government agency. The WBS must include the ability to estimate, schedule and track these operations maintenance activities over the concession period. The staff involved with operating infrastructure facilities can include Management, Supervisors, System Controllers, Fare Collectors and Vehicle Operators. Energy Consumption can include electric power consumption for transit vehicles and fuel for buses. Consumables include tickets. Maintenance can include such things as the cost of maintaining and cleaning buildings, repairing highway pavements, cutting and watering grass, replacing bridge bearings and maintaining ticket vending machines. Maintenance can also include the labor and parts required to operate transit vehicles over the concession period. Transferring the facility back to the government includes demobilization costs such as cleanup costs, staff severance as well as audit fees required to transfer the assets. 3. 1 Operations 3. 1. 1 3. 1. 2 3. 1. 3 Staff Salaries Overhead Energy 3. 1. 4 3. 1. 5 3. 2 Maintenance 3. 2. 1 3. 2. 2 3. 2. 3 3. 2. 4 3. 2. 5 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 Consumables Insurance Bonding Facility Maintenance Road Site Work Maintenance Infrastructure Maintenance Rolling Stock Maintenance Service Vehicle Maintenance Demobilization Legal Audit 3. 3 Transfer The Construction Phase of Work Breakdown Structure The Construction phase of the Capital Cost portion of the project is still where most of the detailed scheduling and cost control tasks are required. Most current WBS layouts have addressed the direct construction costs in detail. The following paragraphs describe how current breakdown structures have been adapted and revised to form part of the proposed Civil Infrastructure WBS. Summary Levels within the Construction Cost Breakdown The cost of construction has been summarized into definable levels that can be estimated, scheduled and procured. These sections are structured to help the estimator, scheduler or cost control engineer group the project into definable work packages. These work packages can also serve as subcontract procurement packages. The following table lists the main summary levels within the Construction Phase of an Infrastructure Project. 1. 2. 1 Facilities 1. 2. 1. 1 1. 2. 1. 2 1. 2. 2. 1 1. 2. 2. 2 1. 2. 2. 3 1. 2. 2. 4 1. 2. 2. 5 1. 2. 2. 6 1. 2. 2. 7 1. 2. 3. 1 1. 2. 3. 2 1. 2. 3. 3 1. 2. 3. 4 1. 2. 3. 5 1. 2. 3. 6 1. 2. 3. 7 Buildings Building Services Existing Conditions Earthwork Paving Landscaping Site Improvements Utilities Traffic Control Walls Bridges Tunnels Rail Airfield Marine Dams 1. 2. 2 Site Work 1. 2. 3 Infrastructure CSI MasterFormat â„ ¢ 2004 Divisions of Work It is under construction summary levels that the author has followed the basic divisions of work as defined by CSI MasterFormat â„ ¢ 2004 [1]. In the 2004 version, the term â€Å"Building† construction was replaced with â€Å"Facilities† construction. Building Services that used to be classified under division 15 for Mechanical and division 16 for Electrical were shifted to divisions 20 through 29. New divisions were created covering Civil and Infrastructure from divisions 30 through 39. There are over 3,000 lines within this section of the WBS. We have included sample breakdowns of two of the main CSI divisions here for illustrative purposes. The Building divisions, that remained the same from the original CSI breakdown, and a new breakdown for the Earthworks level, included with the new CSI divisions for Site Work. 1. 2. 1. 1 Buildings 02. 00. 00 03. 00. 00 04. 00. 00 05. 00. 00 06. 00. 00 07. 00. 00 08. 00. 00 09. 00. 00 10. 00. 00 11. 00. 00 12. 00. 00 13. 00. 0 14. 00. 00 31. 21. 00 31. 22. 00 31. 23. 00 31. 24. 00 31. 25. 00 31. 26. 00 31. 27. 00 31. 28. 00 31. 33. 00 31. 38. 00 31. 39. 00 31. 40. 00 Building Site Work Building Concrete Masonry Metals Wood Plastics Thermal Moisture Protection Openings Finishes Specialties Permanent Equipment Furnishings Special Construction Conveying Systems Dewatering Grading Earth Earth Excavation Embankment Construction Erosion Contr ol Sub-grade Preparation Structural Excavation Structural Backfill Rock Stabilization Soil Stabilization Rock Excavation Shoring 1. 2. 2. 2 Earthwork New Infrastructure Items and Activities For Infrastructure work, where similar activities can be included in multiple items, the traditional CSI breakdown does not work for estimating and scheduling purposes. For example; if a Retaining Wall and a Bridge are to be constructed on the same project, they have to be estimated and scheduled separately, yet they both include similar CSI divisions of work such as excavation, setting and stripping formwork, and placing concrete. For this reason, the work breakdown structure must include different WBS codes for these similar activities in the various infrastructure summary levels. The proposed Infrastructure Break down includes the following classifications: Walls, Bridges, Tunnels, Rail, Airfield, Marine, Dams The following table illustrates the different breakdown required for a Wall as opposed to a Bridge, although each are performing essentially the same activities. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2 Cast in Place Walls 03. 11. 01 03. 11. 02 03. 11. 03 03. 12. 01 03. 12. 02 03. 12. 03 03. 12. 04 03. 13. 01 03. 13. 03 03. 21. 01 03. 21. 02 03. 21. 03 03. 22. 01 03. 22. 02 03. 22. 03 03. 22. 05 03. 22. 06 03. 22. 07 03. 22. 08 03. 2. 09 03. 23. 01 03. 23. 02 03. 23. 03 03. 23. 04 03. 24. 04 03. 24. 05 Foundation Preparation Footing Excavation Wall Backfill Mud Slab Concrete Mass Concrete Footing Concrete Wall Concrete Reinforcing Steel Dowels Foundation Preparation Footing Excavation Abutment Backfill Mud Slab Concrete Mass Concrete Footing Concrete Substructure Concrete Deck Concrete Approach Slab Concrete Barrier Wall Concrete Concrete Slope Paving Reinforcing Steel Welded Wir e Fabric Dowels Stressing Systems Pre-cast Concrete Girders Structural Grouting . 2. 3. 2. 1 Bridges Conclusion A comprehensive Work Breakdown Structure is essential for the proper communication of construction cost estimating and scheduling data between all participants in an International Infrastructure Project. The Work Breakdown must include all phases of the project life cycle, from conception, through development, engineering, construction, operations, maintenance and transfer. In order to accomplish this task, the WBS must also be available in formats compatible with the common software applications used to manage these projects. References 1. MasterFormat â„ ¢ 2004 Edition Numbers Titles Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) 99 Canal Center Plaza, Suite 300, Alexandria, VA USA 22314

Saturday, November 23, 2019

The Chemical Composition of White Gold

The Chemical Composition of White Gold White gold is a popular alternative to yellow gold, silver, or platinum. Some people prefer the silver color of white gold to the yellow color of normal gold, yet may find silver to be too soft or too easily tarnished or the cost of platinum to be prohibitive. While white gold contains varying amounts of gold, which is always yellow, it also contains one or more white metals to lighten its color and add strength and durability. The most common white metals that form the white gold alloy are nickel, palladium, platinum, and manganese. Sometimes copper, zinc or silver are added. However, copper and silver form undesirable colored oxides in the air or on the skin, so other metals are preferable. The purity of white gold is expressed in karats, the same as with yellow gold. The gold content is typically stamped into the metal (e.g., 10K, 18K). The Color of White Gold The properties of white gold, including its color, depend on its composition. Although most people think white gold is a shiny white metal, that color is actually from the rhodium metal plating that is applied to all white gold jewelry. Without the rhodium coating, white gold might be gray, dull brown, or even pale pink. Another coating that may be applied is a platinum alloy. Typically platinum is alloyed with iridium, ruthenium, or cobalt to increase its hardness. Platinum is naturally white. However, its more expensive than gold, so it may be electroplated onto a white gold ring to improve its appearance without dramatically increasing the price. White gold that contains a high percentage of nickel tends to be closest to a true white color. It has a faint ivory tone but is much whiter than pure gold.  Nickel white gold often does not require plating with rhodium for color, although the coating may be applied to reduce the incidence of skin reactions. Palladium white gold is another strong alloy that may be used without a coating. Palladium white gold has a faint gray tinge. Other gold alloys result in additional colors of gold, including red or rose, blue, and green. Allergies to White Gold White gold jewelry typically is made from a gold-palladium-silver alloy or gold-nickel-copper-zinc alloy. However, about one in eight people experience a reaction to the nickel-containing alloy, usually in the form of a skin rash. Most European jewelry manufacturers and some American jewelry manufacturers avoid nickel white gold since alloys made without nickel are less allergenic. The nickel alloy is most often encountered in older white gold jewelry and in some rings and pins, where the nickel produces a white gold that is strong enough to stand up to the wear and tear these pieces of jewelry experience. Maintaining the Plating on White Gold White gold jewelry that has a platinum or rhodium plating typically cant be resized because doing so would damage the coating. The plating on jewelry will scratch and wear over time. A jeweler can re-plate the item by removing any stones, buffing the metal, plating it, and returning the stones to their settings. Rhodium plating typically needs to be replaced every couple of years. It only takes a couple of hours to perform the process, at a cost of around $50 to $150.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

London Olympics 2012 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

London Olympics 2012 - Essay Example Similarly, there are significant health and safety problems both during and after the event because of a large number of workers that are needed for running the event. The author then talks about the documentary film on which she is working about the London 2012 Olympics. The title of film is ‘Construction in the games’ and it mainly deals with the legacy left by the construction industry in terms of employment and training for the locals. In the end, she points out there is a poor system of training in Britain as mostly the focus of training is on the traditional trades. Since the training from surrounding colleges is inadequate, according to professor, it would be extremely difficult to fulfil the legacy of the London Olympics. Even though it is generally believed that being the host for Olympics bring economic boom for the country, it is not easy to assess the economic impact of the Olympic Games (Cashman, 2002). As expected there is a great surge in the employment of the skilled labor for the construction as well as for different services (Economic and Social Research Council, 2012). However most of these labors are required only in the preparation stage of the game and the rapidly pacing economy suffers a heavy setback once the Olympic Games are over. This is because the labor and the services are no longer required and hence the host country is unable to maintain the momentum it had acquired before the start of the games (Girginov, 2005). Therefore it is not easy to analyze the overall economic impact of the Olympic Games. The Olympics is not merely a sports event but it has evolved into means of urban development and regeneration. It is imperative for the host country to have enough facilities for the participants as well as the spectators therefore a great deal of urban investment is generally required (Winch, 2012). This comes in the form of setting up

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Hotel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hotel Industry - Essay Example the customers. For any commercial organization it is then a people versus people equation for its survival. Unlike other resources which an organization deploys people or its staff are live resources that think, have feelings, aspirations, motives and emotions which get nurtured, developed ,frustrated or stunted every now and then. No human would be willing to work with frustrated aspirations or stunted and suppressed feelings. Thus it becomes incumbent on an organization to nurture and develop the feelings, aspirations, emotions of its employees. This is the traditional function of the human resource management function in any organization. Present day literature, however lays more emphasis on strategic human resource management wherein the human resource management function is aligned in such a manner that fulfilling human resource management function automatically ensures reaching strategic objectives of the organization. In short the human resource management function is woven wi th in the overall strategy of the organization. ... tivities that are undertaken consciously or unconsciously, internally or externally to an organization whereby human resources of the organization are developed and utilized in a manner to maximize achievement of organizational goals. One important precept of entire human resources' management exercise is the recognition of the fact that the most valuable resource for any organization is its human factor; it is the only live factor and thus the only truly mouldable factor. Therefore human resource management (HRM) is a term used to represent that part of an organization's activities concerned with the recruitment, development and management of its employees (Wood & Wall, 2002). Employee empowerment is an important piece of strategic initiatives in human resource management in any hotelling organization. Empowerment if adopted as a conscious strategy has important implications for employee motivation, performance and the quality of the service offered by the hotel. This paper seeks to examine the issue of employee empowerment in some star hotels in Jordan in the back drop of a comprehensive literature review. The Hotel Industry Parks (2003) states with abundant clarity the role of human interface in hotel industry in following words," The hospitality industry is obviously customer-service driven. If your employees aren't satisfied in their jobs, their unhappiness is bound to spill over into their attitudes and behaviors toward clients and guests. Most hospitality positions require people to be in constant communication with the public while servicing guests. Because of this, employee satisfaction is vitally important to the success of your business. Everyone knows that it costs much more to hire and train a new employee than it does to keep an existing employee.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Physical development observation of a special need child in a group of diverse children Essay Example for Free

Physical development observation of a special need child in a group of diverse children Essay ASSIGNMENT # 2: PARENT INFORMATION/EDUCATION SHEET In Chapter six, Stress is the bodys reaction to a physical or emotional situation that causes discrepancy in a persons life. On the other hand, all children will experience stress, sometimes significant amounts of it, in their lives. The author depict the stress that young children may experience and it may well be resulting from disrupted homes, blended families, both parents working outside the home; increased exposure to violence, Parents working all the time, death, poverty Experts agree that for some children, growing up in today’s world may be tougher. As many as 25% of all children are at risk of academic failure because of physical, emotional, or social problems and are less able to function well in the classroom because they are hungry, sick, troubled, or depressed. Children seem to have fewer sources of adult support than in the past, and many are being pressured to grow up faster (Honig, 2009; Marks, 2002).We need to be concerned about accumulated childhood stress and to be watchful about the types of stress-coping responses children are developing. Children experience stress from time to time in growing up. We have good evidence that children in poor families are less able to function well academically, socially, and physically. Despite this, almost 12 million children in the United States (16%) live in poverty, and another 5 million (7%) live in extreme poverty (Luthar Sexton, 2007. Many children live in families that are typically overwhelmed with high levels of substance abuse, domestic abuse, and mental health problems. Poor children are more inclined to have developmental delays and behavioral and disciplinary problems than other children. They experience malnutrition, health problems, and below average school performance. Five suggested techniques for reducing childhood stress and supporting young children at home are: For parents that are working all the times, quality time is important as kids get older. Allow time for fun activities, Its really hard to come home after a long day of work to get down on the floor, and p lay with your kids or just talk to them about their day especially if theyve had a stressful one themselves. Whether they need to talk or just be in the same room with you, make yourself available because expressing interest shows that theyre important. Complicating factors, like a divorce or separation, when these are added to the everyday  pressures that kids are facing, the stress is overstated. Divorce has been embattled as the single largest cause of childhood depression. Almost all children in that situation manifest some signs of psychological imbalance or feelings of insecurity. Even the most amicable divorce can be a difficult experience for kids because of uncertainty, it is a tough change. Parents should never put kids in a position of having to choose sides or expose them to negative comments about the other spouse. Parents need to sit down and explain to children the changes in an age appropriate way about what to expect, reassure them that the love both parents have for them will never change and that both of you will always be there to support them in any way. Another Suggested technique is Life event like death of a love one, Parents feel uncertain about how to comfort their children who have experienced the loss of a love one. Children understand very little about death, it is the parent’s responsibility to help their children develop a healthy understanding about the subject matter. Different families have different views when talking to children about death, it is a day to day event that even adult cannot comprehend but in that circumstance parents have no choice but to help their children cope with their loss by allowing them to talk and express their feelings and emotions. Additional suggested technique is natural disaster, as we seen in many countries where a hurricane or an earthquaque cause a family to lose their home and all their belongings. In time of hardship and confusion such as this, Children are thrown out of balance, they feel disoriented and will develop stress and anxiety caused by fear. Parents need to shield their children and help them get back into control. Talk to the children, reassure them that this situation is temporary and promise them that things will get better or seek professional help. Conclusion Our complex modern society has greatly increased the amount of stress adults and children are exposed to. Children are experiencing more stress at younger and younger ages Children react in different ways to stress. Some children become ill. Some may become withdrawn and nervous while others show anger and demand attention. It is not easy to recognize when kids are stressed out, but listen and watch for behavioral changes, mood swings, acting out, changes in sleep patterns, or bedwetting can be indications. Some kids have trouble concentrating or completing schoolwork. Still others become withdrawn or spend a lot of time alone even very young children have worries and feel stress to some degree. Adults ordinarily fail to recognize the incidence and magnitude of stress in the lives of children the author went on to explain how to help kids cope with stress, it is to provide proper rest and good nutrition, to create time for your kids each day. No technique will work all of the time. But Pay a little extra attention to her Some children experience more stress than others, some are more sensitive to stress and some are better at handling it than others. We cannot eliminate all stress from children’s lives, nor can we always succeed in making stressed children feel better immediately. Stress is a part of life, and children learn how to handle child-sized stress by dealing with it, with appropriate help and support. By practicing stress-reduction and relaxation strategies with your children, you’re helping them build skills they will use throughout their lives. Create an information sheet that can be sent home to help families support their children in times

Friday, November 15, 2019

Why Xeon Doesnt React :: essays research papers

Xenon is a rare, colorless, odorless, tasteless, chemically unreactive gas. It is one of the inert gas elements found in group 0 of the periodic table. Xenon was long considered incapable of chemical reaction, but in 1962 Neil Bartlett, a Canadian chemist, reported synthesis of xenon hexafluoroplatinate, XePtF6, a true compound. Before 1962, people thought that xenon and other noble gases were unable to form compounds. Now, xenon's reported compounds are sodium perxenate, xenon deutetrate, xenon hydrate, difluoride, tetrafluride and hexafluoride. Xenon is present in the atmosphere in extremely low concentration (about one part in 20 million). It is obtained commercially from liquid air. Xenon is used in certain photographic flash lamps, in high-intensity arc lamps for motion picture projection, and in high-pressure arc lamps to produce ultraviolet light. It is used in numerous instruments for radiation detection, e.g., neutron and X-ray counters and bubble chambers. It has found som e use in medicine, e.g., as an experimental anesthetic. Naturally occurring xenon is a mixture of 9 stable isotopes 20 short-lived radioactive isotopes are also known. A mixture of stable and unstable isotopes of xenon is produced in nuclear reactors during neutron fission of uranium one of these, xenon-135, is a very good neutron absorber and must be removed since it poisons the reaction. Xenon was discovered spectroscopically in 1898 by William Ramsay and M. W. Travers, who obtained it by fractional distillation of an impure sample of krypton. Xenon as well as the other noble gasses require an incredible amount of pressure for them to react, which makes them very inert since such a large amount of pressure does not occur naturally.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Nature good or bad

This is partly because human nature can e regarded as both a source of norms of conduct or ways of life, as well as presenting obstacles or constraints on living a good life. The complex implications of such questions are also dealt with in art and literature, while the multiple branches of the Humanities together form an important domain of Inquiry Into human nature, and the question of what It Is to be human. Is It good or evil? The nature of humankind has been explored endlessly, with no definitive answers. What people believe the nature of humans to be is a very personal belief.That belief s shaped by the religion they follow, the culture they grew up in, and by their life experiences. What people believe has a large elm[act on the way they live their lives. It Is the pylons of this writer that people are Inherently good. This writer's pylons that people are Inherently good has developed gradually over time. One reason for this viewpoint is the fact that I believe we are all crea ted in God's image by God to serve him. If that is truly the case, then I feel that people would be inherently good, as God is. It is this writer's belief that God would not create someone who was inherently evil.People do sin, and some people could even be considered ‘evil,' but overall I feel that most people do try and lead a good life by being kind to others and helping those In need. Another reason for my belief Is the culture that I have grown up in. This may seem strange, since many people complain that our society is too filled with violence and other ‘bad' things. However, the very presence of such arguments about our society shows this writer that most people do not find violence at violent programming or acts, society tells people what it rely values: love and peace.If violence did not bother people, then there would not be the debate that exists today. Therefore, the belief that people are inherently good is supported by the culture that I grew up in. The exp eriences that one has throughout their life also shape their belief. In my life, I have had many experiences that reinforce my belief that people are inherently good. I have seen people unselfishly helping others in many circumstances. Many people give blood to save some stranger they will never meet.A woman Just donated part of her liver to a young girl she did not know so that the girl could live. Others donate millions to feed starving children , donate their time to teach people the bible so they could have a better life. These people undergo pain to help others; with no reward for themselves other than knowing they did a good thing. When people have tragedy strike them, the community will surround them with support. One example was the earthquake in 2010 that destroyed my country people came from almost every where to help with many different things, from food to clothing to shelter.In daily life, one can usually find many examples of people helping people, I my self donate my time regularly my time to teach the bible o others to help them bring changes it sir lives and I know more than 9 millions are doing the same thing, and this has been an important factor in shaping my belief. If people were not good, then I do not feel that one would be able to find these things occurring with such frequency. But why are we in that situation where we some times have a tendency of doing ABA things? What the scientist think?SCIENTISTS are hard at work to try to find genetic causes for alcoholism, homosexuality, promiscuity, violence, other aberrant behavior, and even for death itself. Would it not e a relief to find that we are not responsible for our actions but are merely victims of biology? It is human nature to blame someone or something else for our errors. If the genes are to blame, scientists hold out the possibility of changing them, eliminating undesirable traits through genetic engineering. The recent success in mapping the entire human genome has given such aspirations new impetus.This scenario, however, is based on the premise that our genetic endowment is, indeed, the villain responsible for all our sins and errors. Have the scientific detectives found enough evidence to make a case against our genes? Obviously, the answer will profoundly affect how we see ourselves and our future. Before examining the evidence, though, a look at mankind's origin will prove enlightening. How It All Started Most people are familiar with, or at least have heard of, the account about the fall of the first human pair, Adam and Eve, in the garden of Eden.Were they made with some intrinsic defect in the genes right from the start, a sort of design flaw that predisposed them to sin and disobedience? Their Creator, Jehovah God, whose works are all perfect, proclaimed that his crowning earthly creation was â€Å"very DOD. † (Genesis 1 :31; Deuteron 32:4) As further evidence of his satisfaction with his work, he gave the first couple his blessing and i nstructed them to be fruitful, to fill the earth with human creatures, and to take charge of his earthly creation?hardly the actions of someone uncertain of his handiwork. ?Genesis 1:28.Regarding the creation of the first human pair, the Bible tells us: â€Å"God proceeded to create the man in his image, in God's image he created him; male and female he created in physical appearance, for â€Å"God is a Spirit. † Noon 4:24) Rather, it means that human returns were endowed with godly qualities and a sense of morality, a conscience. (Romans 2:14, 15) They were also free moral agents, capable of weighing a matter and deciding on the action to take. However, our first parents were not left without guidelines. Rather, they were warned of the consequences of wrongdoing. Genesis 2:17) So the evidence indicates that when Adam was faced with a moral decision, he chose to do what to him seemed expedient or advantageous at the time. He followed his wife in her wrongdoing instead of con sidering his relationship with his Creator or the long-term effects of his action. He also tried later to shift the blame to Jehovah, saying that the wife He had provided misled him. ?Genesis 3:6, 12; 1 Timothy 2:14. God's response to the sin of Adam and Eve is revealing. He did not try to correct some ‘design flaw' in their genes.Rather, he carried out what he told them would be the consequences of their actions, which led to their eventual death. (Genesis 3:17-19) This early history sheds much light on the nature of human behavior. The Evidence Against Biology For a long time, scientists have been tackling the monumental task of finding genetic causes and cures for human pathology and behavior. After ten years of work by six teams of researchers, the gene linked to Huntington disease was isolated, although the researchers have no idea how the gene causes the disease.However, reporting on this research, Scientific American quoted Harvard biologist Even Balkan, who said that i t would be â€Å"almost infinitely harder to discover genes for behavioral disorders. † In fact, research attempting to link specific genes to human behavior has been unsuccessful. For instance, in Psychology Today, a report on efforts to find genetic causes for depression states: â€Å"Epidemiological data on the major mental illnesses make it clear that they can't be reduced to purely genetic causes. The report gives an example: â€Å"Americans born before 1905 had a 1 percent rate of depression by age 75. Among Americans born a half century later, 6 percent become depressed by age 24! † It thus concludes that only external or social factors can bring about such dramatic changes in such a short time. What do these and numerous other studies tell us? While genes may play a role in shaping our personalities, there clearly are other influences. A major factor is our environment, which has undergone addict changes in modern times.Concerning what today's youth are expose d to in popular entertainment, the book Boys Will Be Boys observes that it is unlikely that children will develop sound moral principles when they â€Å"grow up watching tens of thousands of hours of TV shows and films in which people are assaulted, shot, stabbed, disemboweled, chopped up, skinned, or dismembered, when children grow up listening to music which glorifies rape, suicide, drugs, alcohol, and bigotry. † Clearly, Satan, â€Å"the ruler of this world,† has shaped an environment that caters to man's baser desires. And who can deny the powerful influence that such an environment exerts on all of us? ?John 12:31; Ephesians 6:12; Revelation 12:9, 12. The Root of Mankind's Trouble As we have already seen, mankind's problems started when the first human pair sinned. The result? While generations of Dam's offspring are not responsible for Dam's sin, they nonetheless are all born with sin, imperfection, and death as their entered into the world and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men because they had all sinned. â€Å"?Romans 5:12. Man's imperfection puts him at a decided disadvantage. But that does not absolve him of all moral responsibility.The Bible shows that those who put faith in Jehovah provision for life and conform their lives to God's standards will have his approval. Out of his loving-kindness, Jehovah made a merciful provision to redeem mankind, to buy back, as it were, what Adam had lost. That provision is the ransom sacrifice of his perfect Son, Jesus Christ, who said: â€Å"God loved the world so much that he gave his only-begotten Son, in order that everyone exercising faith in him might not be destroyed but have everlasting life. â€Å"? John 3:16; 1 Corinthians 15:21, 22. The apostle Paul expressed his deep appreciation for this provision.He exclaimed: â€Å"Miserable man that I am! Who will rescue me from the body undergoing this death? Thanks to God through Jesus Christ our Lord! † (Romans 7:24, 25) Paul knew that if he succumbed to sin out of weakness, he could ask God's forgiveness on the basis of the ransom sacrifice of Jesus Christ. * As in the first century, today many who formerly led very bad lives or whose situation seemed hopeless have come to an accurate knowledge of Bible truth, made the necessary changes, and come in line for God's blessing. The changes they had to cake were not easy, and many still have to contend with harmful tendencies.But with God's help, they are able to maintain integrity and find Joy in serving him. (Philippians 4:13) we have in this society many example of people who started in a way with a bad life but turn around to do good things , have a complete change in their lives in order to please God or to have a better life for them self. Therefore Wearer Responsible Trying to pin the entire blame for our misconduct on our genes simply does not work. Rather than helping us to solve or overcome our problems, notes Psychology Today, ongoing so â⠂¬Å"may be teaching us a helplessness that is at the root of many of our problems.Instead of reducing the incidence of these problems, this seems to have fueled their growth. † It is true that we must contend with major adverse forces, including our own sinful tendencies and Satin's efforts to distract us from obeying God. (1 Peter 5:8) It is also true that our genes may influence us in one way or another. But we are surely not helpless. True Christians have powerful allies? Jehovah, Jesus Christ, God's holy spirit, his Word the Bible, and the Christian negotiation.Therefore the way one view the nature of human beings is very important as it shapes the way they look at their world. In this case, I must disagree with the â€Å"Theory that say people were born evil. † as I feel that people are inherently good. Most people will choose to be good over evil, and will help their fellow human beings without asking what they are to get from their actions. While there is evil in the world, it is the exception to the norm, and overall it is this my opinion that people can choose to be good . New world translation 2013 edition

Sunday, November 10, 2019

History Story Teaches Us That History Teaches Nothing: Discuss Essay

1.0 INTRODUCTION All human cultures tell stories about the past, deeds of ancestors, heroes, gods, or animals. Songs sacred to particular peoples were chanted and memorized long before there was any writing with which to record them. Their truth was authenticated by the very fact of their continued repetition. History which can be considered as an account that purports to be true of events and ways of thinking and feeling in some part of the human past stems from this archetypal human narrative activity. While sharing a common ancestry with myth, legend, epic poetry, and the novel, history has of course diverged from these forms. Its claim to truth is based in part on the fact that all the persons or events it describes really existed or occurred at some time in the past. Historians can say nothing about these persons or events that cannot be supported, or at least suggested, by some kind of documentary evidence. Such evidence customarily takes the form of something written, such as a letter, a law, an administrative record, or the account of some previous historian. In addition, historians sometimes create their own evidence by interviewing people. In the 20th century, the scope of historical evidence was greatly expanded to include, inter alia, aerial photographs, clothes, motion pictures, and houses etc. Furthermore, all developed countries have their National Archives. This is in recognition of the simple fact that knowledge of the past is essential to society. What happens in the present, and what will happen in the future, is very much governed by what happened in the past. Without a thorough knowledge of past events and circumstances, we could not even attempt to grapple with these problems. Without knowledge of the past we would be without identity, we would be lost on an endless sea of time. However, it is obvious that knowledge of the past has not brought easy solutions to problems in, say, Nigeria, Mali, Zimbabwe, Palestine or even other parts of the world. Notwithstanding the fact that history is paramount in any society and in fact a necessary ingredient for its growth, but many practical facts staring us at the face have shown that people learn from  history that they do not learn from history. Thus, I would like to support and defend the assertion that ‘history teaches us that history teaches nothing’. But before delving into this argumentative cum intellectual excursus, I would like to clarify the term ‘History’ and ‘Why people study history’ 2.0 WHAT IS HISTORY? Etymologically, the term ‘history’ is from the Greek word ‘á ¼ ±ÃÆ'Ï„Î ¿Ã ÃŽ ¯ÃŽ ±Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ – historia, meaning â€Å"inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation†. It was still in this Greek sense that Francis Bacon used the term in the late 16th century, when he wrote about â€Å"Natural History†. For him, history is â€Å"the knowledge of objects determined by space and time†. History is the study of the past, specifically how it relates to humans. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians whereas the events occurring prior to written record were considered prehistory. By â€Å"prehistory†, historians mean the recovery of knowledge of the past in an area where no written records exist, or where the writing of a culture is not understood. By studying painti ng, drawings, carvings, and other artefacts, some information can be recovered even in the absence of a written record. Since the 20th century, the study of prehistory is considered essential to avoid history’s implicit exclusion of certain civilizations, such as those of Sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Columbian America. In 1961, British historian E. H. Carr wrote; ‘the line of demarcation between prehistoric and historical times is crossed when people cease to live only in the present, and become consciously interested both in their past and in their future. History begins with the handing down of tradition; and tradition means the carrying of the habits and lessons of the past into the future. Records of the past begin to be kept for the benefit of future generations’1 Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC – 425 BC) has generally been acclaimed as the â€Å"father of history†. However, his contemporary Thucydides (460 BC – 400 BC) is credited with having first approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work ‘the History of the Peloponnesian War’. In his historical method, Thucydides emphasized chronology, a neutral point of view, and that the human world was  the result of the actions of human beings. Greek historians also viewed history as cyclical, with events regularly recurring. Suffice to say that the word ‘history’ entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of â€Å"relation of incidents or story†. Professor Richard J. Evans defines histo ry as an academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them. According to Professor Arthur Marwick in his article titled ‘The Fundamentals of History’, history is ‘the bodies of knowledge about the past produced by historians, together with everything that is involved in the production, communication of, and teaching about that knowledge’.3 In E. H. Carr’s ‘What Is History? Carr draws on sources from Nietzsche to Herodotus to argue for a more subtle definition of history as ‘an unending dialogue between the present and the past’.4 No wonder, Whitney says that history is facilitated by the formation of a ‘true discourse of past’5 through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race. History is the analysis and interpretation of the human past that enables us to study continuity and change over time. It is an act of both investigation and imagination that seeks to explain how people have changed over time. Historians use all forms of evidence t o examine, interpret, revisit, and reinterpret the past. These include not just written documents, but also oral communication and objects such as buildings, artefacts, photographs, and paintings. Historians are trained in the methods of discovering and evaluating these sources, and the challenging task of making historical sense out of them, that is to say they are aesthetically disinterested in their approach to events. According to Encarta electronic dictionary, history is ‘a chronological account of past events, it is the branch of knowledge that records and analyses past events’6. More so, Encyclopaedia Britannica defines history as ‘the discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people), based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their causes’7. Understanding why historic events took place is important. To do this, historians often turn to geography. Weather patterns, the water supply, and the landscape of a place all affect the lives of the people who  live there. For example, to explain why the ancient Egyptians developed a successful civilization, st udying the geography of Egypt is essential. At this juncture, it is paramount to say that the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from the authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination is known as Historiography. 3.0 WHY THEN DO PEOPLE STUDY HISTORY? From my own personal observation, it does occur to me that people explore the field of history for myriads of reasons which are: History is a means to understand the past and present. The different interpretations of the past allow us to see the present differently and therefore imagine and work towards the future. Through the study of history we can investigate and interpret why society developed as it has and determine what influences have affected the past and present and shape the future. It helps one to understand the immense complexity of our world and provides insights to help cope with the problems and possibilities of the present and future. History also provides a sense of identity to understand the collective past that has made us what we are today. The way in which people identify and interact with one another is by and large a consequence of history, which shapes and conditions individuals and societies whether they fully understand it or not, relationship between differ ent ethnic groups in Nigeria can testify clearly to this. History is also a bridge to other disciplines. In order to understand the other humanities and sciences one needs a historical overview. Writers, artists, scientists, politicians, philosophers etc. are all conditioned by the historical milieu in which they lived. Historical knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding the world in which we live. History is magister vitae, â€Å"teacher of life.† History prepares us to live more humanely in the present and to meet the challenges of the future because it provides us with understanding of the human condition. Despite these reasons why people study history, it becomes disheartening to see that these reasons do not readily translate into practice considering what is on ground in the  world. Hence, one can say without any fear of equivocation or ambiguity that ‘history teaches us that history teaches nothing’. To explicate this standpoint further, I would like to delineate in a jiffy the essential factors to be consi dered in history, from there I would showcase why history teaches us that history teaches nothing. 3.1 ESSENTIAL FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHY STUDYING HISTORY These are; Persons, ( personal element ), Time element, Event, Place, Circumstance, People’s reaction or Effects, Post Reactions and the Lessons. It is from the standpoint of lessons meant to be learnt from history that I would defend the assertion that ‘history teaches us that history teaches nothing’. 4.0 HISTORY TEACHES US THAT HISTORY TEACHES NOTHING: USING NIGERIA AS A CASE STUDY. Having explained the concept of history and why we study history, the problems that stare us at face are; how has the knowledge of the past positively influenced the present day society? To what extent is the history affecting the lives of people? Why is it that people, nations, continents etc. repeat the same mistake of the past? Does it mean that history has no positive influence on human development or that people have blatantly refused to learn from history? No wonder the prestigious German Philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in his lectures on the philosophy of history said; â€Å"What experience and history teaches us is that people and governments have never learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it†¦ We learn from history that we do not learn from history†¦ [Hence] History teaches that history teaches us nothing. If we go on to cast a look at the f ate of the world historical personalities†¦ we shall find it to have been no happy one. They attained no calm enjoyment; their whole nature was labour and trouble; their whole nature was nothing but their master’s passion. When their object is attained they fall off like empty hulls from the kernel† To expatiate on this assertion that history teaches us that history teaches nothing, I would like to use Nigeria as a case study because I am more familiar with Nigerian history. Before delving into this intellectual discuss, I would like to posit certain questions: What is the percentage of Nigerians that are productively engaged? How many of them can  pay their bills? Education is one factor that can lift the fortunes of a nation overnight: as it is today, what is the percentage of the population that attain school till tertiary institution? What percentage of the population can afford the fees for their education? What has the government done to entrenched unity rather than ethnicity? Why has the government being unable to address these nagging issues? The most suitable answer to these interrogatives is that the government has failed to learn from history. In fact, the history of Nigeria has taught nothing to the government of this country considering what is on ground. The blame is mostly shifted to the government because as Achebe wrote in his book, ‘The Trouble with Nigeria’, the problem of Nigeria is that of leadership. Let me succinctly delineate and expatiate on this assertion that history teaches us that history teaches nothing with some major events that have taken place in Nigeria. To be more precise, I hold the opinion that we have been stagnant in a lot of ways, we have degenerated in so many more ways while very little, if any progress, has been made in our march to meaningful nationhood. A key reason for our lacklustre performance at nation-building as Soyinka prescribes in the Dance of the Forest is the failure to draw lessons from the past at every turn in our history. That is an enterprise in which Nigeria still fails woefully. Hear what I read in one of the National Dailies that Chief Obafemi Awolowo, one of the active participants in the move towards independence, said in a speech he delivered on the floor of the House of Representatives in Lagos on March 31, 1953; â€Å"†¦It has been customary for our friends from the North to threaten the rest of Nigeria with secession if this is done or if that is not done†¦ We find the northern majority is not only being used (by the colonialists, I presume) in having their way, but it is also being used in preventing the minority from having their say†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Such was the suspicion and distrust that existed amongst major ethnic nationalities in the country at the attainment of independence. This suspicion eventually led to many coups like that of; 15th January 1966 Nigeria Major Kaduna Nzeogwu which led to the death of many including Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, the then prime minister, 29th July 1966, a bloody coup led by Col. Yakubu Gowon, whichà ‚  claimed the life of Major General JTU Aguyi Ironsi and many others, 29th July 1975, by General Murtala Mohammed against General Yakubu Gowon and was successful, 13th February 1976, by Col. Dinka which resulted to the death of the then Head of State, General Murtala Mohammed, 31st December 1983, by Major General Ibrahim B. Buhari against Alhaji Shehu Shagari took place and was successful, 27th August 1985, by Major General Ibrahim B. Babangida against General Buhari. This suspicion also led to the civil war in which millions of lives were lost. Now, has Nigeria learnt anything from these? I think, NO. This is because, fifty three years old, national integration is still abysmal in Nigeria. There are verbal missiles across the country by individuals who desire to promote the interest of their ethnic groups, all of them fanning the embers of strife and war. Ethnic militias exist in almost different parts of the country threatening the lives and existence of those who do not share their ethnic or religious pedigree. Many Nigerians especially Southerners have lost their lives due to Boko Haram insurgency. This was a kind of situation which made Ojukwu to declare the Republic of Biafra due the massacre of the Igbos in the North. This declaration later led to civil war. We have even seen the â€Å"deportation† of hapless Nigerians from one state to the other and the attendant emotional outbursts that followed it. In fact, Nigeria has failed woefully to learn from history because the lessons of history are never applied to better the life of her citizenry. At the moment, seven gov ernors elected on the platform of the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) are on do or die mission to get a politician of northern extraction into the office of president come 2015. To them, it does not matter that the north had held that position for 37 out of Nigeria’s 53 years of independence, and that the region in particular and the nation in general, has nothing to show for it, all they are interested in is that the next President is from the North. To drive home the urgency of their desire, some of their supporters have actually threatened that Nigeria would be history if this pet project failed. Are these politicians unable to learn from history that born to rule mentality is a cankerworm that has threatened the fabrics of nationhood? Legendary writer, Chinua Achebe in his celebrated book, The Trouble with Nigeria once said: â€Å"But whereas tribalism might win  enough votes to install a reactionary jingoist in a tribal ghetto, the cult of mediocrity will bring the wheels of modernisation grinding to a halt throughout the land† That is the state of affairs in Nigeria currently. It is as bad as for past and present leaders in the country to brazenly tell the world that Nigeria’s major challenge is the lack of honest and dedicated leadership even as none of them has the nobility to plead guilty of the charge. This plague of bad leadership accounts for the frustrating level of ineptitude that we have in all areas of our national life. It seems to me that a cloud of cluelessness has descended on Nigeria over the years. Corruption in particular is one vice in which Nigeria has grown in leaps and bounds over the years. If there were pockets of corrupt practices in the country at the attainment of independence, Nigeria has within the last 53 years grown corruption to the extent that it has literarily acquired a life of its own. This has almost brought the nation to its knees with the resultant collapse of the middle class and the gap between the rich and the poor widening by the day. This means that Nigerian leaders in all sectors of life have failed to learn from history that corruptive practices retard the development of a nation and the excessive gap between the rich and poor can make the poor people to start a revolt against the rich. More still, agriculture which was the mainstay of the country’s economy up until the end of the First Republic has taken the back burner no thanks to the seeming ease with which petro-dollars have come to us since the oil boom in the 1970s. As Nigeria’s oil prospect increased, political leaders found more money to siphon or launder even as they neglect to sustain the structures which made life meaningful for the citizenry. Today, life is almost unbearable for the average Nigerian. Nigerian leaders seem to forget that it was this kind of atmosphere that ushered in the French revolution. Nigeria has not learnt from history. Hence, from this exposition of Nigerian experience, I continue to maintain that history teaches us that history teaches nothing because people have failed to learn from the lessons of history. 5.0 EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION Some may tend to argue that defending the idea that history teaches us that history teaches nothing is already affirming that history teaches something  because being aware that history teaches nothing is already learning something from history. Remember, the premise of my argument is that history teaches us that history teaches nothing, put in another way; we learn from history that we do not learn from history. This points to the fact that people and nations have failed woefully to apply the lessons of history to promote human well-fare. Thus, Hegel is right when he maintained that we learn very little from history in a global sense. Therefore, history teaches us nothing if we fail to observe the past, ask appropriate questions and learn from the lessons of history. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Carr, Edward H. (1961). What is History? p.108 2 Evans, Richard J. â€Å"The Two Faces of E.H. Carr†. History In Focus. An article published by Palgrave, 2001. 3 Marwick, Arthur ‘The Nature of History’ The MacMillian Press LTD. pg. 169, 1970. 4 Professor Arthur Marwick in his article titled ‘The Fundamentals of History’ In E. H. Carr’s ‘What Is History? 5 Whitney, W. D. The Century dictionary; an encyclopaedic lexicon of English language. New York: The Century Co, 1889. 6 Encarta Microsoft Electronic Dictionary 2010 edition 7 Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 2011. 8 Hegel’s Lectures on Philosophy of History which was assessed online on the 3rd of November, 2013. 9 Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing. Co. Ltd.Reprinted 1998. Print.

Friday, November 8, 2019

The Tourism Industry Of Lesotho Tourism Essays

The Tourism Industry Of Lesotho Tourism Essays The Tourism Industry Of Lesotho Tourism Essay The Tourism Industry Of Lesotho Tourism Essay hence the subject: CAN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY OF LESOTHO BECOME A MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR TO LESOTHO S ECONOMY? What Lesotho is making The state s touristry industry is chiefly marketed by a parastatal, the Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation ( LTDC ) which is a authorities enterprise. I find it suiting to foremost set up the current province of the state s touristry industry so that I can travel on to raising applicable recommendations. To set up this I interviewed a Selling forces at the Lesotho Tourism Development Corporation at the Maseru Information Centre, who emphasized that they as the touristry organic structure are in charge of advancing the state s touristry and presently they do so by go toing regional and international exhibitions such as the well-known Indaba which is Africa s top travel show held yearly in Durban and the ITB Berlin Convention which is the extremely respected and decorated travel conference in the universe ; they attend these exhibitions in order to convey to the attending of international circuit operators that Lesotho is the place of adventure touristry so that they include the Kingdom in the Sky in the around Africa or around the universe circuit bundles they offer to their clients which largely are large Spenders . The mammoth challenge is that the international market did non cognize that Lesotho exists hence foremost the LTDC had to get the better of this challenge which they have made applaudable advancement with their enlightening run by go toing these sort of aforesaid exhibitions and others yearly so that the industry takes them earnestly and does non bury about them by seeing them often taking an active function and puting up award winning bases ( Lesotho s base was dubbed the best base at the 2008 Indaba and at the 2010 ITB the LTDC s base was amongst the top 10 best bases at the exhibition ) Apart from the one-year exhibitions, the LTDC hosts a monthly exhibition called the Maseru Bazaar at the Maseru Tourist Information Office which showcases local handcraft, traditional dances and local creative persons of all genres. Furthermore, stables are put up for all interested persons in the touristry industry to demo their merchandises to the populace and sing tourers who frequently make their first halt here when they enter the state. The nucleus purpose of this exhibition is to market domestic touristry, that is, to promote the people of Lesotho to tour their place state, they call this run Know your state foremost . Their runs are focused on escapade touristry more than anything because of the state s rugged terrain and its cragged geographics, hence most of their budget is apportioned to selling this type of touristry to their regional opposite numbers and the international market at big. The LTDC has late developed a travellers web site[ 1 ]which provides information about where to remain, what to make and a list of upcoming events to advert merely a few. One key facet in the concern industry is the merchandise, this is besides the LTDC s precedence to do certain that what they are selling to the regional and international markets is of highest possible quality. They do this by promoting people to maintain the state clean although in this section they are non making that much as expected. There has to be a ground why the LTDC is executing the manner they are presently, non being at their best. Like many other African states would state, and has become their anthem , the chief ground is funding, the authorities is non injecting sufficient money into the state s touristry industry to let the LTDC to work at their optimal best. For the 2010/2011 Fiscal twelvemonth, the authorities apportioned M 53.2 million compared to M 69.7 million[ 2 ]for the old fiscal twelvemonth for the Ministry of Tourism Environment and Culture. This is a serious job which may be caused by the cultural background of Africans because they do non believe in touring themselves but they put attempt and money in agribusiness which late is neglecting them. The private sector is the one which is making their degree best to seek and market the Kingdom in the Sky so that they as single companies can last, they have gone to the degree of puting up an independent organic structure called Lesotho Council for Tourism ( LCT ) which includes every concern related to touristry, circuit operators, adjustment constitutions, providing services and others. The nucleus purpose of this organic structure is to supply touristry preparation programmes, support for touristry development and aid to the touristry private sector to keep high quality touristry merchandises[ 3 ]. It aims to accomplish these by promoting local and international investings in the industry and by offering its members entree to rank international touristry organic structures ( Regional Tourism Organization for Southern Africa, South African Tourism Association ) . Strategic Analysis But what are the strengths and failings of Lesotho s touristry industry? To reply these inquiries and others I will utilize the SWOT analysis. Strengths Merchandise Lesotho is home to legion unique landmarks which can merely be offered by Lesotho and Lesotho merely: The highest saloon in Africa which is the Sani Top Chalet The longest individual bead waterfall in Southern Africa The highest lowest point in height in the universe The highest extremum in Southern Africa, Thabana Ntlenyana LetA?eng Diamond Mine which is the highest ( height ) mine in the universe Apart from those alone landmarks Lesotho has the followers: Rippling landscape ( brilliant and widely accepted ) Friendly and hospitable people What Basotho call the Engineering Project of the decennary which is the Katse Dam, consists of a 185m tall double-curvature arch wall, and other Lesotho Highlands Water Project dike National Parks and Game Reserves Rock art which comprises of abridging[ 4 ]and therianthropes[ 5 ] Work force The industry has several passionate people engaged in different sectors of the touristry industry, circuit operators, information office forces, hospitable hotel staff and others. Failings Merchandise There are assorted upseting factors about the merchandise that Lesotho is selling ; the defects include: Several topographic points of involvement like stone pictures have been vandalized by untrained care-takers and villagers some thought they are continuing the plants of art ; as did one care-taker of the Bushmen pictures site who poured H2O on the pictures believing they will be more seeable merely to happen out that he was destructing the artefacts. Maseru as the capital metropolis of Lesotho can non suit more than one 1000 tourers. On the reverse, even if more constitutions were set up, most of the clip the suites would non be occupied because this came to the attending of a circuit operator when he had to form a circuit for a group of 1000 invitees. Tour operators do non hold large vehicles to manage big groups which forces them to engage local managers which most of them are non satisfactory because they travel day-in day-out as taxis therefore they are non looked after that good. Work force Customss staff at the assorted ports of entry does non handle visitants good at all, they do non hold client attention preparation. Numerous tourers have complained about this at the Tourist Information Office in Maseru. Adjustment receptionists at several constitutions in the outskirts of Maseru besides have a job of holding non undergone a client attention class. This is a serious job because one circuit operator told me his anecdote of when he was at a hotel in Mafeteng where he waited for about half an hr for a receptionist to look and when she appeared she did non even recognize him nor apologized for being late, she arrogantly asked them what he wanted. This is shocking and is easy impulsive people off from the Kingdom in the Sky. Opportunities The universe is dominated by hi-tech machinery and technological progresss which cause emphasis to its users and this has lead to people desiring to tour original and cultural states off from their day-to-day busy urban life and Lesotho is one of them, hence the market for cultural and eco-tourism is fast turning and Lesotho should contend for its portion in this market. Lesotho is investor friendly and for that ground foreign investors could be approached so that they build accommodation colonies and other installations to better what the state offers the universe and they themselves will be moved to advance the state for their investings sake. South Africa s adjustment rates have risen aggressively because of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and these monetary values are trailing tourers off now that tourney is over while Lesotho s adjustment rates have non changed significantly intending more people would take Lesotho over South Africa. Menaces Lesotho is wholly landlocked by South Africa ; hence healthy diplomatic dealingss between the two states are of extreme importance because South Africa is the lone route gateway into and out of Lesotho. This is non merely the instance when utilizing route conveyance but besides the instance when utilizing air conveyance because in order to make Lesotho one uses a connecting flight ( controlled by Airlink, an airways company ) from the O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa and this is because Lesotho does non have an air hose company and its airdrome is excessively little to set down large planes. This proved to be true during the 2010 FIFA World Cup where come ining and go outing South Africa to Lesotho by route meant long hours in the waiting line waiting for your passport to be scanned and this was enforced entirely by the South African authorities entirely. The figure of South African companies selling and doing money out of Lesotho based Tours is dismaying and worst of all, the state gets minimum gross from those Tourss. The biggest menace comes from Free State circuit operators because they do non engage local circuit operators to carry on those Tourss ; they conduct the Tourss in Lesotho themselves. South Africa is the state s biggest rival because it has about everything and more than what Lesotho offers and markets those attractive forces good to the international market. At this occasion I will seek to look at what other states are making, both the developing states like South Africa and the developed states like Ireland and others. What other states are making The Developed Countries: The first state that I will look at is Switzerland which about has a similar terrain to that of Lesotho as it is besides cragged and interesting adequate it is besides landlocked. It is graded 15 in absolute size and 47 in comparative part to national economic systems by WTTC. Switzerland has different bundles and Tourss such as Food A ; Wine, Time Travel ( which is fundamentally a historical bundle of the state ) , Shopping, Wellness, Cycling, Hiking, Adventure A ; Sports, Family Vacations and Gay A ; Lesbian oriented Tourss to advert a few. They have a really enlightening web site[ 6 ]and it does nt stop at that place, different metropoliss besides have their ain web sites which concentrate on their several metropoliss, for illustration Zurich[ 7 ]which has its ain web site which is rather enlightening and up-to-date ; it shows the different circuit bundles for different markets such as Smart Spenders and Luxury lovers. This shows that the selling and publicity of touristry in this state is of extreme importance to the people of Switzerland. Now, I will research Ireland, known as the Emerald Isle ; it is good known for its graphic verdancy of its countryside. Ireland is a little state ranked 42 in absolute size and 135 in comparative part to national economic systems by WTTC. It exploits the honeymoon and romantic pickups markets ; that is why it is besides good known as a romantic pickup finish, from Northern Ireland to Southern Ireland you find suited holiday countries for the honeymooners and ordinary twosomes who want to hold a romantic vacation. It markets different types of vacations besides including escapade Tourss for the escapade searchers, cycling, household bundles, angling, cruising, H2O based activities, wellness touristry and athleticss including Equestrian. The Irish touristry sector is marketed by National Tourism Development Authority through the Failte Ireland[ 8 ]and its success is based on the fact that each touristry merchandise which is of great importance is marketed separately by a squad of executives, and the investing and development of installations in those sectors of the touristry industry is their duty besides. These Sectors include: Activities, Culture A ; Heritage, Festivals A ; Events, Sports Tourism, Business Tourism, Spa A ; Wellness, Food and Accommodation[ 9 ]. Ireland focuses on Business Tourism besides as a cardinal participant in the industry so much that it has its ain web site[ 10 ]which deals with the corporate universe leaders in prosecuting them to take Ireland as the host of conferences and seminars. On the web site there is information about locales and their installations and registered corporate event organisers so that the concern people can bask their stay and the conference without any trouble. Failte Ireland has made enormous advancement so because it has managed to make the followers: Help better the accomplishments of people involved in the Irish touristry and assist those seeking a calling in touristry have been offered preparation. Setup an Environment Unit whose function is maintaining the natural and reinforced environment at their highest possible criterion Setup a programme of state webs which help little touristry concerns to turn For bettering the scope and quality of the tourer attractive forces, they have secured a seven-year grant assistance through the National Development Plan Caught the eyes of the universe market by organizing big events like the Ryder Cup, merely to advert a few. Furthermore, the touristry organic structure in Ireland focal points on non merely to pull international tourers like most states do but besides they encourage the Irish population to tour their ain state and take domestic vacations. Developing States Now coming to states which the universe views them as developing states like Lesotho it would merely be just to see other African states, comparatively bigger and smaller than Lesotho geographically. Once once more I will see Swaziland as it has a batch in common with Lesotho, it is a monarchy, it is little like Lesotho and landlocked merely to advert a few. Therefore, I believe it would merely be logical and just to compare the two states. Swaziland has an attention-getting, enlightening and most significantly, an up-to-date web site[ 11 ]. Swaziland s touristry organic structure, the Swaziland Tourism Authority, focuses on advancing different types of Tourss for different markets which range from escapade touristry ( like Lesotho ) to shopping and civilization oriented touristry because they are a state rich in civilization hence the ground why the King is still both the caput of province and the caput of authorities. Sing South Africa which is a trendsetter and a function theoretical account of other Southern African states because of its success and influence, I will look at what it is making to advance its merchandise. The Government of South Africa through the Ministry of Tourism injected R 631 million[ 12 ]into the South African Tourism ( SAT ) whose function is to advance South Africa s touristry. The SAT like the LTDC, promotes domestic touristry. Since 2007 they did so utilizing a run called the Shot Left Campaign, See your universe otherwise [ 13 ]. The run s purpose is showcasing the myriad of low-cost and within range vacation finishs to all South Africans. Its executing is colorful and lively, designed to pull South Africans, more peculiarly those who have non toured their fatherland. The chief aim of this selling run is to demo South Africans the easiness factors and affordability of traveling around the state. The mark market of the run is three niche markets, Well-off twosomes and households, the young person and independent twosomes and households. The chief aim of the Shot Left run is sourcing and publicising a assortment of moderately priced bundle vacations. At its origin, it involved an aired travel oriented challenge which was broadcast on SABC 2. Although the Shot Left Challenge is no longer aired, SAT continues with selling and promoting South Africans to tou r their ain state with Television commercials[ 14 ]which show foreign tourers, touring the topographic points of involvement and some shutting with a remark: They have toured our state, have you? Apart from advancing domestic touristry, the SAT has an up-to-date web site[ 15 ]which covers all sectors of their touristry industry including Business touristry which is a good beginning of gross because the international and regional conferences are attended by well-established concern people who want nil less than top quality and are willing to pay for it. Unexploited Markets At this occasion, I will look at undeveloped markets which can be a hard currency cow for circuit operators and the industry as a whole. First, like Swaziland, Lesotho still has rich civilization which can be a step tourer attractive force as it is in Swaziland. The international tourers are interested in the African civilization and are going more and more interested in sing traditional African culinary art. Another anecdote is of one tourer who was taken to one of these five star adjustment and amusement constitutions and emphasized that they ( Western people ) are the 1s who brought this constitutions to Africa and they are tired of them, which is the ground why they are touring Africa . This has proved to be true because during the FIFA Soccer World Cup which was late held in South Africa, the international tourers particularly the Germans enjoyed remaining and booming in Soweto which is a large township made of different cultural groups of South Africa. Second, adventure touristry has niche markets which have non been to the full exploited yet. For illustration, the off-road market is increasing and as a consequence an increasing figure of rockerss nines are looking for disputing paths which they can utilize for their athletics and Lesotho has an appropriate terrain for such people who want to sit on their motorcycles merely for the merriment of it, non for competitory racing. Therefore Tourss can be organized for this niche where a path across the mountain Highlandss can be set up for touring the Highlandss on motorcycles. Furthermore there is this biggest rushing competition of the twelvemonth called the Roof of Africa Rally. Presently the race attracts the rockerss households and their patrons, therefore the mass meeting should be marketed globally to pull foreign and local witnesss to come and see this race foremost manus. The LTDC can assist in by advertisement this event extensively at the one-year exhibitions that they atten d and by organizing this event to guarantee its success. When person is in Cape Town, South Africa, one of the inquiries he will be asked by people is, did you travel to the Table Mountain. Lesotho besides can do money from its Table Mountain , Thabana Ntlenyana which is the highest extremum in Southern Africa. A immense market exists for this because people would be able to do it to the top of the extremum utilizing a overseas telegram auto if one is to be set up at that place and escapade searchers would likely mount up the mountain if they are familiar with stone mounting. Although the overseas telegram auto can be really expensive to put up, it would pay immense dividends to the investors, authorities and the touristry industry as a whole. One other possible hard currency cow is ecotourism, the ground being that Lesotho has an uncontaminated ambiance due to non being portion of the industrial revolution. Furthermore Lesotho has undulating landscape and rugged terrain which other western and Asiatic states do non hold because many of those states are level. Amongst other ecotourism sites there is the Maluti Drakensberg, this country consists of many sole characteristics[ 16 ]: Fauna and flora found in Lesotho merely 24 species of serpents 350 species of birds of which 40 are sole to Lesotho merely and 10 endangered species 100 grass types Unspoilt ecology of the sites It is one of the finest art galleries in the universe due to the stone pictures Adventure touristry hot spot The importance of ecotourism and its benefits can be summed up in Hector Ceballos-Lascurain s words: aˆÂ ¦ the individual who patterns ecotourism has the chance of plunging him or herself in nature in a manner that most people can non bask in their modus operandi, urban beings. This individual will finally get a consciousness and cognition of the natural environment, together with its cultural facets, that will change over him or her into person keenly involved in preservation issues [ 17 ] Decision Having seen the possible income generators I will therefore focal point on other recommendations: Lesotho has to: Add more information on the travellers web site which includes circuit operators contact inside informations and more tourer attractive forces apart from the national Parkss. Fit touristry as a high precedence: by puting in human, fiscal and other resources Intensify selling attempt in the part so that the state benefits from the attempt that SAT has already embarked on which is already conveying tourer in the locality of Lesotho. Put option in topographic point representative offices in three major metropoliss of South Africa viz. , Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg. Government should deploy touristry attache in every embassy of Lesotho around the universe. The authorities should besides deploy a touristry attache at South African International Airports viz. , the O.R. Tambo International Airport, King Shaka ( La Mercy ) International Airport and the Cape Town International Airport. Empower local concern people who are involved with touristry so that they can better the public presentation of their operations. Setup ongoing preparation programmes for the concern proprietors, directors and staff in the touristry industry. Monitoring of all the programmes and doing accommodations increasingly to guarantee a changeless growing of the industry. Improve and protect touristry merchandise, particularly particular attractive forces unique to the state. The LTDC should refocus its schemes in order to accommodate to the of all time altering international market and competition by continually revising its action program and revising its touristry tendencies prognosis. Market ecotourism extensively as Lesotho has universe category ecotourism sites and characteristics In summing up, based on the undeveloped income generators aforementioned and my recommendations, I can safely state Lesotho s touristry industry has a great potency of being a major subscriber to the state s economic system as it is the instance for states like Zimbabwe and others. With a fleet of enthusiast circuit operators that Lesotho has, the opportunities of the industry turning are dismaying because of the passion that they have as the interview[ 18 ]revealed but a batch has to be done to nature that passion so that they do non end-up losing hope and believe in the industry. Appendix A Interview with a circuit operator and Secretary of the Lesotho Tour Operators Association Mr. Motlatsi Rametse Q. What are some of the challenges you meet as a circuit operator? The finish ( Lesotho as a tourer finish ) is non known therefore it consequences in little figure of tourers coming to this state although 7 million tourers come to Southern Africa yearly Lack of support by fiscal establishments Rigid insurance companies offering limited insurance merchandises, none of them able to cover touristry services Lack of political will Q. Do you believe the authorities and the LTDC has done plenty to advance touristry, if non why? No, they have failed to associate up with South Africa although the state is wholly surrounded by it. They have besides failed to escalate touristry selling in parts that predominately favours touristry to Lesotho. Merely 5.8 % that reach South Africa come to Lesotho. Q. What keeps you traveling irrespective of the challenges you meet in the industry? Diversifying by running other concern ventures in analogue with tour operation and my love for touristry Q. Do you believe the touristry industry has a potency of turning given its province presently and what can be done to ease the growing? Yes, what needs to be done is aggressive selling in South Africa through South African media to go agents and circuit operators based in South Africa Develop a revolving fund to back up touristry related undertakings and concerns Q. What seems to be driving tourers off from Lesotho or why are the Numberss of tourers who visit the state non increasing? Lack of selling Lack of standard adjustment installations Lack of quality service ( client attention )